Executive functioning (EF) has been shown to relate to academic achievement and well-being. Independent bodies of work have aimed to understand what environmental or personal attributes influence EF ability. However, most research has not considered how constellations of risk factors create distinct patterns of influence on EF ability. The current study tested a sample of children aged 9 to 10 years from the United States ( N = 10,323, 48.06% female, Mage = 9.9 years, age range = 8.9–11.08 years) using a latent profile analysis (LPA) to detect subgroups that varied in their combinations of various risk factors. Six distinct groups of risk factors for children emerged, which in turn related to different average EF abilities. We found that family socioeconomic measures related to a subgroup having above- or below-average EF ability, but we also found an effect on EF across different risk factors. These results inform our understanding of individual variations in EF ability and highlight the idea that EF interventions should consider risk holistically.

中文翻译：

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不同的常见风险因素与儿童的执行功能能力有不同的关系

执行功能（EF）已被证明与学业成绩和幸福感相关。独立的工作机构旨在了解哪些环境或个人属性影响 EF 能力。然而，大多数研究并未考虑一系列风险因素如何对 EF 能力产生不同的影响模式。目前的研究测试了来自美国的 9 至 10 岁儿童样本（N = 10,323，48.06% 为女性，M股份公司e= 9.9 岁，年龄范围 = 8.9–11.08 岁），使用潜在概况分析 (LPA) 来检测各种风险因素组合不同的亚组。儿童出现了六组不同的危险因素，这又与不同的平均 EF 能力相关。我们发现家庭社会经济指标与高于或低于平均 EF 能力的亚组相关，但我们还发现不同风险因素对 EF 的影响。这些结果让我们了解 EF 能力的个体差异，并强调了 EF 干预措施应全面考虑风险的想法。