Perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology is a promising candidate for space applications because of its high power-to-weight ratio, low-cost fabrication process, and good tolerance to high-energy particle radiation. In this work, perovskite films and resultant high-efficiency PSCs are assessed under 10 MeV proton radiation at fluences in the range 1e12–1e14 p cm⁻², which are equivalent to 1 to 100 years in geostationary orbit (GEO) without any shielding or cover. For the first time, void formation and material ablation are detected on perovskite films, indicating structural damage of the materials under the proton radiation. Furthermore, ions inside the devices especially Au and Pb ions are displaced to underlying layers under the proton bombardment. These lead to the degradation of PSCs to ≈89% of the initial performance (from 24.1% to 21.4%) at the highest dose. The experimental results are supported by previous simulation works with a good fit in all optoelectronic parameters. This study provides insights into the degradation mechanism of PSCs under proton radiation and paves the way for the utilization of PSCs in space applications.

中文翻译：

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10 MeV 质子辐射下钙钛矿太阳能电池中的空隙形成和辐射诱导离子迁移

钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）技术因其高功率重量比、低成本制造工艺以及对高能粒子辐射的良好耐受性而成为太空应用的有希望的候选者。在这项工作中，钙钛矿薄膜和由此产生的高效PSC在10 MeV质子辐射下进行了评估，注量范围为1e12–1e14 p cm ^-2，相当于在没有任何屏蔽或保护的情况下在地球静止轨道（GEO）中运行1到100年。覆盖。首次在钙钛矿薄膜上检测到空隙形成和材料烧蚀，表明材料在质子辐射下的结构损坏。此外，器件内部的离子，特别是金离子和铅离子，在质子轰击下被转移到下面的层。这些导致 PSC 在最高剂量下退化至初始性能的约 89%（从 24.1% 降至 21.4%）。实验结果得到了先前模拟工作的支持，所有光电参数都很好地拟合。这项研究提供了对PSC在质子辐射下的降解机制的见解，并为PSC在空间应用中的利用铺平了道路。