Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all cells in the body. These biological nanoparticles facilitate cellular communication through the transport of diverse cargoes, including small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids. mRNA cargoes have gained particular interest given their role in the translation of functional proteins. As a biomarker platform, EVs can be found in nearly all biofluids—blood, mucus, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva—providing real-time insight into parent cell and tissue function. mRNAs carried by EVs are protected from degradation, resulting in improved detection compared to free mRNA, and recent work demonstrates promising results in using these mRNA cargoes as biomarkers for cancer, neurological diseases, infectious diseases, and gynecologic and obstetric outcomes. Furthermore, given the innate cargo carrying, targeting, and barrier crossing abilities of EVs, these structures have been proposed as therapeutic carriers of mRNA. Recent advances demonstrate methods for loading mRNAs into EVs for a range of disease indications. Here, we review recent studies using EVs and their mRNA cargoes as diagnostics and therapeutics. We discuss challenges associated with EVs in diagnostic and therapeutic applications and highlight opportunities for future development.

中文翻译：

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细胞外囊泡作为mRNA的载体：诊断和治疗的机遇和挑战

细胞外囊泡 (EV) 由体内所有细胞产生。这些生物纳米粒子通过运输不同的货物（包括小分子、蛋白质和核酸）促进细胞通讯。鉴于 mRNA 货物在功能蛋白翻译中的作用，它们引起了特别的兴趣。作为一种生物标志物平台，EV 几乎存在于所有生物体液（血液、粘液、尿液、脑脊液和唾液）中，从而提供对母细胞和组织功能的实时了解。 EV 携带的 mRNA 不受降解，与游离 mRNA 相比，检测效果得到改善，最近的工作表明，使用这些 mRNA 货物作为癌症、神经系统疾病、传染病以及妇科和产科结果的生物标志物具有良好的结果。此外，考虑到 EV 固有的货物携带、靶向和跨越障碍的能力，这些结构已被提议作为 mRNA 的治疗载体。最近的进展展示了将 mRNA 加载到 EV 中以治疗一系列疾病的方法。在这里，我们回顾了最近使用 EV 及其 mRNA 货物作为诊断和治疗的研究。我们讨论了与电动汽车在诊断和治疗应用中相关的挑战，并强调了未来发展的机遇。