Oral diseases are prevalent but challenging diseases owing to the highly movable and wet, microbial and inflammatory environment. Polymeric materials are regarded as one of the most promising biomaterials due to their good compatibility, facile preparation, and flexible design to obtain multifunctionality. Therefore, a variety of strategies have been employed to develop materials with improved therapeutic efficacy by overcoming physicobiological barriers in oral diseases. In this review, we summarize the design strategies of polymeric biomaterials for the treatment of oral diseases. First, we present the unique oral environment including highly movable and wet, microbial and inflammatory environment, which hinders the effective treatment of oral diseases. Second, a series of strategies for designing polymeric materials towards such a unique oral environment are highlighted. For example, multifunctional polymeric materials are armed with wet-adhesive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory functions through advanced chemistry and nanotechnology to effectively treat oral diseases. These are achieved by designing wet-adhesive polymers modified with hydroxy, amine, quinone, and aldehyde groups to provide strong wet-adhesion through hydrogen and covalent bonding, and electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, by developing antimicrobial polymers including cationic polymers, antimicrobial peptides, and antibiotic-conjugated polymers, and by synthesizing anti-inflammatory polymers with phenolic hydroxy and cysteine groups that function as immunomodulators and electron donors to reactive oxygen species to reduce inflammation. Third, various delivery systems with strong wet-adhesion and enhanced mucosa and biofilm penetration capabilities, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, patches, and microneedles, are constructed for delivery of antibiotics, immunomodulators, and antioxidants to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we provide insights into challenges and future development of polymeric materials for oral diseases with promise for clinical translation.

中文翻译：

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用于治疗口腔疾病的新兴聚合物材料：针对独特口腔环境的设计策略

由于高度流动、潮湿、微生物和炎症环境，口腔疾病是普遍但具有挑战性的疾病。高分子材料因其良好的相容性、易于制备和灵活的设计以获得多功能性而被认为是最有前途的生物材料之一。因此，人们采用了多种策略来开发通过克服口腔疾病的生理生物学障碍来提高治疗效果的材料。在这篇综述中，我们总结了用于治疗口腔疾病的高分子生物材料的设计策略。首先，我们提出了独特的口腔环境，包括高度移动和潮湿、微生物和炎症环境，这阻碍了口腔疾病的有效治疗。其次，强调了针对这种独特的口腔环境设计聚合物材料的一系列策略。例如，多功能高分子材料通过先进化学和纳米技术，具有湿粘合、抗菌和抗炎功能，可有效治疗口腔疾病。这些是通过设计用羟基、胺、醌和醛基改性的湿粘合聚合物来实现的，通过氢键和共价键以及静电和疏水相互作用提供强湿粘合力，通过开发包括阳离子聚合物、抗菌肽和抗菌聚合物在内的抗菌聚合物来实现这些目的。抗生素缀合聚合物，以及合成具有酚羟基和半胱氨酸基团的抗炎聚合物，这些聚合物可作为免疫调节剂和活性氧的电子供体来减少炎症。第三，构建具有强湿粘附性和增强粘膜和生物膜渗透能力的各种递送系统，例如纳米颗粒、水凝胶、贴片和微针，用于递送抗生素、免疫调节剂和抗氧化剂，以达到治疗功效。最后，我们对用于口腔疾病的聚合物材料的挑战和未来发展提供了见解，并有望实现临床转化。