Despite having adverse physical and mental health outcomes, harsh disciplinary methods are commonly practiced all over the world. This study aims to measure the harsh disciplinary actions taken by parents and their association with child functioning in children, aged 7 to 14 years in Punjab, Pakistan. This study is based on secondary data obtained from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF’s) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, conducted in the Punjab province from 2017 to 2018. Parents/caregivers of 19,721 children were included in the analysis. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted, and the data collection form included sociodemographic information, questions on different “Methods of Child Discipline” and the “Child functioning module.” The data was analyzed using STATA 15.0. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate the adjusted odds ratio and 95% CI exploring the association between harsh disciplinary methods and child functioning. More than 50% of children were exposed to severe physical, psychological, and emotional disciplinary methods. Exposure to severe physical aggression was associated with increased difficulty in learning (2.60 [1.27, 5.31]), remembering (2.83 [1.47, 5.44]), controlling behavior (1.63 [1.21, 2.18]), anxiety (1.98 [1.25, 3.13]), depression (2.57 [1.57, 4.22]) and making friends (1.94 [1.01, 3.79]). Whereas moderate physical aggression and psychological aggression were associated with (1.48 [1.19, 1.84]) and 1.5 times (1.20, 1.84) increase in difficulty in controlling behavior, respectively. Nonviolent actions were associated with protective odds for self-care (0.33 [0.17, 0.65]), communication (0.51 [0.27, 0.96]), learning (0.56 [0.33, 0.95]), remembering (0.62 [0.39, 0.90]), concentration (0.50 [0.31, 0.80]), anxiety (0.60 [0.46, 0.79]) and depression (0.67 [0.49, 0.92]). Severe disciplinary methods are detrimental to the child’s personal care, mental, social, emotional, and psychological well-being, whereas nonviolent actions are associated with positive child functioning. In a third-world country such as Pakistan, this topic is widely undiscovered and understudied, thus emphasizing the need for awareness and education of parents and healthcare providers.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦旁遮普邦 7-14 岁儿童严厉管教方法与儿童功能之间的关系

尽管严厉的纪律方法会对身心健康造成不利影响，但世界各地仍普遍采用这种方法。本研究旨在衡量巴基斯坦旁遮普邦 7 至 14 岁儿童的父母所采取的严厉纪律处分及其与儿童功能的关系。本研究基于联合国儿童基金会 (UNICEF) 2017 年至 2018 年在旁遮普省进行的多指标类集调查获得的二手数据。分析中纳入了 19,721 名儿童的父母/照顾者。进行了基于问卷的访谈，数据收集形式包括社会人口统计信息、有关不同“儿童管教方法”和“儿童功能模块”的问题。使用STATA 15.0分析数据。进行多元逻辑回归分析来计算调整后的比值比和 95% CI，探索严厉的管教方法与儿童功能之间的关联。超过50%的儿童遭受过严厉的身体、心理和情感管教方法。遭受严重的身体攻击与学习（2.60 [1.27, 5.31]）、记忆（2.83 [1.47, 5.44]）、控制行为（1.63 [1.21, 2.18]）、焦虑（1.98 [1.25, 3.13]）困难增加相关。 ）、抑郁（2.57 [1.57, 4.22]）和交朋友（1.94 [1.01, 3.79]）。而中度身体攻击和心理攻击分别与控制行为难度增加 (1.48 [1.19, 1.84]) 和 1.5 倍 (1.20, 1.84) 相关。非暴力行为与自我保健（0.33 [0.17, 0.65]）、沟通（0.51 [0.27, 0.96]）、学习（0.56 [0.33, 0.95]）、记忆（0.62 [0.39, 0.90]）、记忆（0.62 [0.39, 0.90]）、注意力（0.50 [0.31, 0.80]）、焦虑（0.60 [0.46, 0.79]）和抑郁（0.67 [0.49, 0.92]）。严厉的管教方法不利于儿童的个人护理、精神、社交、情感和心理健康，而非暴力行为则与儿童的积极功能相关。在巴基斯坦这样的第三世界国家，这个话题广泛未被发现和研究，因此强调了家长和医疗保健提供者的认识和教育的必要性。