Dealing with social rejection is challenging, especially during childhood when behavioral and neural responses to social rejection are still developing. In the current longitudinal study, we used a Bayesian multilevel growth curve model to describe individual differences in the development of behavioral and neural responses to social rejection in a large sample ( 500). We found a peak in aggression following negative feedback (compared to neutral feedback) during late childhood, as well as individual differences during this developmental phase, possibly suggesting a sensitive window for dealing with social rejection across late childhood. Moreover, we found evidence for individual differences in the linear development of neural responses to social rejection in our three brain regions of interest: The anterior insula, the medial prefrontal cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition to providing insights in the individual trajectories of dealing with social rejection during childhood, this study also makes a meaningful methodological contribution: Our statistical analysis strategy (and can be found in this study’s online supplementary materials at ) can be used as an example on how to take into account the many complexities of developmental neuroimaging datasets, while still enabling researchers to answer interesting questions about individual-level relationships.

中文翻译：

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对社会拒绝的行为和神经反应：童年和青春期发展轨迹的个体差异

处理社会排斥是具有挑战性的，尤其是在童年时期，当时对社会排斥的行为和神经反应仍在发展。在当前的纵向研究中，我们使用贝叶斯多级增长曲线模型来描述大样本（500）中对社会排斥的行为和神经反应发展的个体差异。我们发现，在童年后期，负面反馈（与中性反馈相比）后的攻击性达到峰值，并且在这个发育阶段存在个体差异，这可能表明童年后期处理社会拒绝的敏感窗口。此外，我们发现了我们三个感兴趣的大脑区域（前岛叶、内侧前额叶皮层和背外侧前额叶皮层）对社会排斥的神经反应线性发育存在个体差异的证据。除了提供对童年时期处理社会排斥的个人轨迹的见解之外，这项研究还做出了有意义的方法论贡献：我们的统计分析策略（可以在本研究的在线补充材料中找到）可以用作以下示例：如何考虑发育神经影像数据集的许多复杂性，同时仍然使研究人员能够回答有关个体层面关系的有趣问题。