In this study, we present the first meta-analysis of human urine reported in the literature, drawing data from a total of 35 articles with a combined participant count of 14,021. Through this analysis, we have developed an artificial urine (AU) composition that can be adjusted within typical physiological parameters for in vitro applications. Our findings demonstrate the utility of this AU in determining the solubility of nitrofurantoin, particularly in the context of crystalluria. Notably, we observe that in saline, nitrofurantoin solubility, within the framework of its urinary pharmacokinetics, suggests a risk of crystalluria. However, in AU, this risk is mitigated due to complexation with urea. More broadly, we anticipate that our developed formulation will serve as a foundation for translational studies across biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences.

中文翻译：

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荟萃分析指导标准人工尿液的开发

在这项研究中，我们首次对文献中报道的人类尿液进行荟萃分析，从总共 35 篇文章中提取数据，参与者总数为 14,021 人。通过这项分析，我们开发了一种人工尿液（AU）组合物，可以在体外应用的典型生理参数内进行调整。我们的研究结果证明了该 AU 在确定呋喃妥因溶解度方面的效用，特别是在结晶尿的情况下。值得注意的是，我们观察到呋喃妥因在盐水中的溶解度在其尿药代动力学框架内表明存在结晶尿的风险。然而，在 AU 中，由于与尿素络合，这种风险得到了缓解。更广泛地说，我们预计我们开发的配方将成为生物医学和制药科学转化研究的基础。