Nanotechnology-based approaches are promising for the treatment of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, which present significant clinical burdens and challenges, but their clinical translation requires a deep understanding of the complex interplay between nanotechnology and MSK biology. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems have emerged as an innovative and versatile microphysiological platform to replicate the dynamics of tissue microenvironment for studying nanotechnology–biology interactions. This review first covers recent advances and applications of MSK OoCs and their ability to mimic the biophysical and biochemical stimuli encountered by MSK tissues. Next, by integrating nanotechnology into MSK OoCs, cellular responses and tissue behaviors may be investigated by precisely controlling and manipulating the nanoscale environment. Analysis of MSK disease mechanisms, particularly bone, joint, and muscle tissue degeneration, and drug screening and development of personalized medicine may be greatly facilitated using MSK OoCs. Finally, future challenges and directions are outlined for the field, including advanced sensing technologies, integration of immune-active components, and enhancement of biomimetic functionality. By highlighting the emerging applications of MSK OoCs, this review aims to advance the understanding of the intricate nanotechnology–MSK biology interface and its significance in MSK disease management, and the development of innovative and personalized therapeutic and interventional strategies.

中文翻译：

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肌肉骨骼器官芯片：研究纳米技术-生物界面的新兴平台

基于纳米技术的方法有望用于治疗肌肉骨骼 (MSK) 疾病，这种疾病带来了重大的临床负担和挑战，但其临床转化需要深入了解纳米技术和 MSK 生物学之间复杂的相互作用。器官芯片（OoC）系统已成为一种创新且多功能的微生理学平台，可复制组织微环境的动态，从而研究纳米技术与生物的相互作用。本综述首先介绍了 MSK OoC 的最新进展和应用，以及它们模拟 MSK 组织遇到的生物物理和生化刺激的能力。接下来，通过将纳米技术集成到 MSK OoC 中，可以通过精确控制和操纵纳米级环境来研究细胞反应和组织行为。使用 MSK OoC 可以极大地促进 MSK 疾病机制的分析，特别是骨、关节和肌肉组织变性以及药物筛选和个性化医疗的开发。最后，概述了该领域未来的挑战和方向，包括先进的传感技术、免疫活性成分的集成以及仿生功能的增强。通过强调 MSK OoC 的新兴应用，本综述旨在增进对复杂的纳米技术 - MSK 生物学界面及其在 MSK 疾病管理中的重要性的理解，以及创新和个性化治疗和介入策略的开发。