Inverted p-i-n structure perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable attention in consideration of high-efficiency, long-term stability, and cost reduction, which represent the key challenges in advancing the commercialization of PSCs. In order to address the issue of defect-related nonradiative recombination, we enhanced the interfacial passivation between the perovskite layer and electron transfer layer with crown ether derivatives in p-i-n PSCs. By a combination of first-principles calculations, photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectra, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) characterization, we provided an understanding of the passivation mechanism and obtained an efficiency of 23.3% in NiO_x-based p-i-n PSCs, which lowered the nonradiative recombination with 25% of the voltage losses. Furthermore, the unencapsulated PSCs kept 92% of the initial efficiency following 1224 h of aging, which demonstrated remarkable long-term stability. The inverted structure with interfacial passivation could provide great potential for high-efficiency and stable PSC designs and promote the commercialization of PSCs.

中文翻译：

---

了解冠醚功能化在倒置钙钛矿太阳能电池中的作用

考虑到高效率、长期稳定性和降低成本，倒置销结构钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）引起了人们的广泛关注，这是推进PSC商业化的关键挑战。为了解决与缺陷相关的非辐射复合问题，我们在pin PSC中使用冠醚衍生物增强了钙钛矿层和电子传输层之间的界面钝化。通过结合第一性原理计算、光致发光 (PL) 和时间分辨光致发光 (TRPL) 光谱以及掠入射广角 X 射线散射 (GIWAXS) 表征，我们了解了钝化机制并获得了基于 NiO _x的 pin PSC的效率为 23.3% ，这将非辐射复合降低了 25% 的电压损耗。此外，未封装的PSC在老化1224小时后仍保持92%的初始效率，表现出显着的长期稳定性。具有界面钝化的倒置结构可以为高效、稳定的PSC设计提供巨大潜力，并促进PSC的商业化。