In this study, hydrochars derived from the wet torrefaction of empty fruit bunches (EFB) were characterized and compared to those of oil palm trunks (OPT). Then, the kinetics modelling of EFB-derived hydrochars was evaluated and compared with the Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM) under logistics distribution thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under pyrolytic conditions at different heating rates. Bench-scale pyrolysis of EFB-derived hydrochars were also performed and characterized. This study elucidates the effect of prolonged residence time (3–72 hours) at different temperatures (180–220 °C) on the wet torrefaction of EFB, and comparison to OPT provides an understanding of wet torrefaction mechanisms. The pyrolysis kinetics of EFB-derived hydrochars provide insights into their pyrolysis behavior and their potential in pyrolytic application. Increased temperature and residence time enhanced the higher heating value (HHV) of the hydrochars at the expense of low mass yield. Hydrochars obtained at 220 °C and 72 hours had the highest HHV at 27.4 ± 0.5 MJ kg with a mass yield of 38.3 ± 2 wt%. EFB-derived hydrochars had a higher mass yield than OPT-derived hydrochars. The van Krevelen diagram revealed that dehydration was the primary reaction pathway for EFB and OPT-derived hydrochars. SEM showed the formation of secondary deposits on both EFB and OPT hydrochars. EFB-derived hydrochars obtained at 220 °C and 72 hours had the highest mean activation energy () with a distribution of activation energy () from 176.7 to 181.7 kJ mol and 43.4–49.9 kJ mol, respectively. The increased mean and distribution of activation energies were attributed to the lignin-dense structure of the hydrochars. The kinetic parameters of the hydrochars were also independent of heating rates at low heating rates (< 20 °C min). The thermal stability of the pyrochars obtained from EFB-derived hydrochars enabled their applications in fields such as carbon support, activated carbon, water purification process, or carbon sequestration.

中文翻译：

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通过空果串湿法烘焙获得的水炭：温度和时间的影响、与油棕树干对应物的比较及其热解行为

在这项研究中，对空果串（EFB）湿法烘焙所得的水炭进行了表征，并与油棕树干（OPT）进行了比较。然后，对 EFB 衍生的水炭的动力学模型进行了评估，并在不同加热速率的热解条件下，与物流分布热重分析 (TGA) 下的分布式活化能模型 (DAEM) 进行了比较。还对 EFB 衍生的氢炭进行了小规模热解并进行了表征。这项研究阐明了在不同温度 (180–220 °C) 下延长停留时间 (3–72 小时) 对 EFB 湿式烘焙的影响，并与 OPT 进行比较，有助于了解湿式烘焙机制。EFB 衍生的氢炭的热解动力学提供了对其热解行为及其在热解应用中的潜力的见解。增加温度和停留时间提高了氢炭的较高热值（HHV），但代价是质量产率低。在 220 °C 和 72 小时下获得的水炭具有最高的 HHV，为 27.4 ± 0.5 MJ kg，质量产率为 38.3 ± 2 wt%。EFB 衍生的氢炭比 OPT 衍生的氢炭具有更高的质量产率。van Krevelen 图显示脱水是 EFB 和 OPT 衍生的氢炭的主要反应途径。SEM 显示 EFB 和 OPT 水热炭上均形成了次生沉积物。在 220 °C 和 72 小时下获得的 EFB 衍生的氢炭具有最高的平均活化能 ()，活化能 () 分布分别为 176.7 至 181.7 kJ mol 和 43.4-49.9 kJ mol。活化能平均值和分布的增加归因于水炭的木质素致密结构。在低加热速率（< 20 °C 分钟）下，水热炭的动力学参数也与加热速率无关。从 EFB 衍生的氢炭获得的热焦的热稳定性使其能够在碳载体、活性炭、水净化过程或碳封存等领域得到应用。