The repair capacity of skeletal muscle is severely diminished in massive skeletal muscle injuries accompanied by inflammation, resulting in muscle function loss and scar tissue formation. In the current work, we developed a tannic acid (TA)- and silicate ion-functionalized tissue adhesive poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)–starch composite hydrogel, referred to as PSTS (PVA–starch–TA–SiO₃²⁻). It was formed based on the hydrogen bonding of TA to organic polymers, as well as silicate–TA ligand interaction. PSTS could be gelatinized in minutes at room temperature with crosslinked network formation, making it applicable for injection. Further investigations revealed that PSTS had skeletal muscle-comparable conductivity and modulus to act as a temporary platform for muscle repairing. Moreover, PSTS could release TA and silicate ions in situ to inhibit bacterial growth, induce vascularization, and reduce oxidation, paving the way to the possibility of creating a favorable microenvironment for skeletal muscle regeneration and tissue fibrosis control. The in vivo model confirmed that PSTS could enhance muscle fiber regeneration and myotube formation, as well as reduce infection and inflammation risk. These findings thereby implied the great potential of PSTS in the treatment of formidable skeletal muscle injuries.

中文翻译：

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开发用于原位骨骼肌修复的单宁酸和硅酸盐离子功能化PVA-淀粉复合水凝胶

伴随炎症的大面积骨骼肌损伤，骨骼肌的修复能力严重减弱，导致肌肉功能丧失和疤痕组织形成。在目前的工作中，我们开发了一种单宁酸（TA）和硅酸盐离子功能化的组织粘合剂聚（乙烯醇）（PVA）-淀粉复合水凝胶，简称PSTS（PVA-淀粉-TA-SiO ₃ ²⁻） 。它是基于 TA 与有机聚合物的氢键作用以及硅酸盐-TA 配体相互作用而形成的。 PSTS可以在室温下在几分钟内胶化并形成交联网络，使其适用于注射。进一步的研究表明，PSTS 具有与骨骼肌相当的电导率和模量，可以作为肌肉修复的临时平台。此外，PSTS可以原位释放TA和硅酸盐离子，抑制细菌生长，诱导血管化，减少氧化，为骨骼肌再生和组织纤维化控制创造有利的微环境铺平了道路。体内模型证实 PSTS 可以增强肌纤维再生和肌管形成，并降低感染和炎症风险。这些发现表明 PSTS 在治疗严重骨骼肌损伤方面具有巨大潜力。