Energy is an essential component of life, and its production and utilization must be compatible with the ecosystem. Hydrogen is considered a green and sustainable energy source among the various renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The hydrogen economy requires sustainable hydrogen production, which can be achieved through the electrochemical splitting of water using efficient and robust electrocatalysts. Platinum (Pt) and platinum-based catalysts are used because of their excellent catalytic activity, low overpotential, and energy consumption. However, palladium (Pd) has recently received significant attention as an electrocatalyst for energy production. Also, as per the volcano plot, Pd is a better replacement for Pt to achieve improved HER performance. Herein, palladium(II) tetranitrophthalocyanine (Pd(II)TNPc) is prepared and characterized by physicochemical and electrochemical tools. The catalytic activity of Pd(II)TNPc is evaluated for the HER, and the activity is noticed to significantly enhance embedding with Ketjen black (KB) carbon nanoparticles. The hybrid composite (Pd(II)TNPc + KB) showed activity comparable to that of the benchmark catalyst Pt/C for the HER. Linear sweep voltammogram (LSV) revealed a positive shift in the onset potential for the HER at GCE/PdT(II)NPc + KB compared to GCE/Pd(II)TNPc, suggesting that the HER is more feasible at Pd(II)TNPc + KB in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. The boost in HER activity of the composite catalyst in comparison to its original Pd(II)TNPc may be due to the embedded KB which improves the conductivity and number of active sites available for the adsorption of and offers larger active surface sites. The composite achieved a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² with a minimal overpotential of −187 mV, whereas Pt/C and Pd(II)TNPc exhibited an overpotential of −67 mV and −487 mV, respectively, at 10 mA cm⁻². Furthermore, the Pd(II)TNPc + KB composite demonstrated excellent stability for the HER. The fabricated hybrid composite with less than 8% of Pd in the total weight of Pd(II)TNPc can be employed as an excellent catalyst material for the HER. The lower amount of Pd in the catalyst assures an economical and efficient approach to exploit the HER efficiency employing the Pd(II)TNPc + KB hybrid composite.

中文翻译：

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调整用于析氢反应的钯 (II) 酞菁嵌入混合电催化剂

能源是生命的重要组成部分，其生产和利用必须与生态系统相适应。氢被认为是各种可再生和不可再生能源中的一种绿色可持续能源。氢经济需要可持续的氢气生产，这可以通过使用高效且强大的电催化剂对水进行电化学分解来实现。铂（Pt）和铂基催化剂因其优异的催化活性、低过电势和能耗而被使用。然而，钯（Pd）最近作为能源生产的电催化剂受到了极大的关注。此外，根据火山图，Pd 是 Pt 的更好替代品，可提高 HER 性能。在此，通过物理化学和电化学工具制备并表征了四硝基酞菁钯 ( II ) (Pd( II )TNPc)。对 Pd( II )TNPc的 HER 催化活性进行了评估，发现该活性显着​​增强了科琴黑 (KB) 碳纳米颗粒的嵌入。混合复合材料 (Pd( II )TNPc + KB) 的活性与 HER 基准催化剂 Pt/C 相当。线性扫描伏安图 (LSV) 显示，与 GCE/Pd( II )TNPc 相比，GCE/PdT( II )NPc + KB 处的 HER 起始电位发生正向变化，表明 HER 在 Pd( II )TNPc处更可行+ KB 为 0.5 MH ₂ SO ₄。与原始Pd( II )TNPc相比，复合催化剂的HER活性提高可能是由于嵌入的KB提高了电导率和可用于吸附的活性位点数量，并提供了更大的活性表面位点。该复合材料实现了 10 mA cm ^-2的电流密度和 -187 mV 的最小过电势，而 Pt/C 和 Pd( II )TNPc 在 10 mA cm -2 下分别表现出 -67 mV 和 -487 mV 的过电势^{- 2} .此外，Pd( II )TNPc + KB 复合材料表现出优异的 HER 稳定性。所制备的Pd含量低于Pd( II )TNPc总重量8%的杂化复合材料可用作优异的HER催化剂材料。催化剂中较低含量的 Pd 确保了采用 Pd( II )TNPc + KB 混合复合材料开发 HER 效率的经济有效的方法。