MoS₂ nanosheets belong to an emerging family of nanomaterials named bidimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs). The use of such promising materials, featuring outstanding chemical and physical properties, is expected to increase in several fields of science and technology, with an enhanced risk of environmental dispersion and associated wildlife and human exposures. In this framework, the assessment of MoS₂ nanosheets toxicity is instrumental to safe industrial developments. Currently, the impact of the nanomaterial on the nervous tissue is unexplored. In this work, we use as in vivo experimental model the early-stage zebrafish, to investigate whether mechano-chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets reach and affect, when added in the behavioral ambient, the nervous system. By high throughput screening of zebrafish larvae locomotor behavioral changes upon exposure to MoS₂ nanosheets and whole organism live imaging of spinal neuronal and glial cell calcium activity, we report that sub-acute and prolonged ambient exposures to MoS₂ nanosheets elicit locomotor abnormalities, dependent on dose and observation time. While 25 μg mL⁻¹ concentration treatments exerted transient effects, 50 μg mL⁻¹ ones induced long-lasting changes, correlated to neuroinflammation-driven alterations in the spinal cord, such as astrogliosis, glial intracellular calcium dysregulation, neuronal hyperactivity and motor axons retraction. By combining integrated technological approaches to zebrafish, we described that MoS₂ 2D nanomaterials can reach, upon water (i.e. ambient) exposure, the nervous system of larvae, resulting in a direct neurological damage.

中文翻译：

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MoS2 2D 材料诱发脊髓神经炎症和神经毒性，影响斑马鱼的运动能力

MoS ₂纳米片属于一个新兴的纳米材料家族，称为二维过渡金属二硫化物（2D TMDC）。这种具有出色的化学和物理特性的有前途的材料的使用预计将在多个科学技术领域增加，同时环境扩散以及相关野生动物和人类暴露的风险也会增加。_{在此框架中，MoS 2}纳米片毒性的评估有助于安全工业发展。目前，纳米材料对神经组织的影响尚未被探索。在这项工作中，我们使用早期斑马鱼作为体内实验模型，研究机械化学剥离的MoS ₂纳米片在添加到行为环境中时是否到达并影响神经系统。_{通过对暴露于 MoS 2}纳米片后斑马鱼幼虫运动行为变化的高通量筛选以及脊髓神经元和神经胶质细胞钙活性的整个生物体实时成像，我们报告亚急性和长期环境暴露于 MoS ₂纳米片会引起运动异常，这取决于剂量和观察时间。25 μg mL ^-1浓度的治疗会产生短暂的效果，而50 μg mL ^-1浓度的治疗则会引起持久的变化，与脊髓中神经炎症驱动的改变相关，例如星形胶质细胞增生、神经胶质细胞内钙失调、神经元过度活跃和运动轴突回缩。通过结合斑马鱼的综合技术方法，我们描述了MoS ₂ 2D纳米材料在接触水（即环境）后可以到达幼虫的神经系统，导致直接的神经损伤。