Sustainable production of 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PDO) from biomass is of great importance because 1,4-PDO is a monomer of degradable polyesters and plastics. This paper reviews the conversion of biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) and furfural as well as their derivatives alkyl levulinate, γ-valerolactone (GVL) and furfuryl alcohol (FAL) into 1,4-PDO. MoO_x or ReO_x modified noble metal catalysts and non-noble metal catalysts with core–shell and alloy structures show a high 1,4-PDO yield and stability in LA hydrogenation under severe hydrothermal conditions. The conversion of furfural to 1,4-PDO involves the initial CO bond hydrogenation to form FAL, the consecutive acid-catalyzed ring-opening and the final hydrogenation. Therefore, it needs a bifunctional catalyst composed of metallic species and acid sites to improve the 1,4-PDO yield. Efforts are made here to highlight the employed catalysts, structure–performance relationship, reaction pathway and reaction mechanism in detail. The current challenges for large-scale applications of conversion of LA and furfural to 1,4-PDO have been proposed, including process development, catalyst cost, solvent and active site distribution. We believe that this review will provide new opportunities and expand the options for the production of 1,4-PDO via biorefining processes.

中文翻译：

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由木质纤维素生物质催化生产 1,4-戊二醇

利用生物质可持续生产 1,4-戊二醇 (1,4-PDO) 非常重要，因为 1,4-PDO 是可降解聚酯和塑料的单体。本文综述了生物质衍生的乙酰丙酸（LA）和糠醛及其衍生物乙酰丙酸烷基酯、γ-戊内酯（GVL）和糠醇（FAL）转化为1,4-PDO。 MoO _x或ReO _x改性的贵金属催化剂和具有核壳和合金结构的非贵金属催化剂在严酷的水热条件下的LA加氢中表现出高1,4-PDO产率和稳定性。糠醛转化为1,4-PDO涉及最初的C -O键氢化形成FAL、连续的酸催化开环和最终的氢化。因此，需要一种由金属物种和酸位点组成的双功能催化剂来提高1,4-PDO的产率。这里详细介绍了所使用的催化剂、结构与性能的关系、反应途径和反应机理。提出了目前大规模应用LA和糠醛转化为1,4-PDO所面临的挑战，包括工艺开发、催化剂成本、溶剂和活性位点分布。我们相信，此次审查将为通过生物精炼工艺生产 1,4-PDO 提供新的机遇并扩大选择。