We examined associations between prenatal fine particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO), and ozone (O) exposures and child respiratory outcomes through age 8–9 years in 1279 ECHO-PATHWAYS Consortium mother-child dyads. We averaged spatiotemporally modeled air pollutant exposures during four fetal lung development phases: pseudoglandular (5–16 weeks), canalicular (16–24 weeks), saccular (24–36 weeks), and alveolar (36+ weeks). We estimated adjusted relative risks (RR) for current asthma at age 8–9 and asthma with recent exacerbation or atopic disease, and odds ratios (OR) for wheezing trajectories using modified Poisson and multinomial logistic regression, respectively. Effect modification by child sex, maternal asthma, and prenatal environmental tobacco smoke was explored. Across all outcomes, 95% confidence intervals (CI) included the null for all estimates of associations between prenatal air pollution exposures and respiratory outcomes. Pseudoglandular PM exposure modestly increased risk of current asthma (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.88–1.51); canalicular PM exposure modestly increased risk of asthma with recent exacerbation (RR = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.86–1.86) and persistent wheezing (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.86–1.89). Similar findings were observed for O, but not NO, and associations were strengthened among mothers without asthma. While not statistically distinguishable from the null, trends in effect estimates suggest some adverse associations of early pregnancy air pollution exposures with child respiratory conditions, warranting confirmation in larger samples.

中文翻译：

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产前环境空气污染暴露与儿童中期哮喘的关联

我们在 1279 个 ECHO-PATHWAYS 联盟母子二人组中研究了产前细颗粒物 (PM)、二氧化氮 (NO) 和臭氧 (O) 暴露与 8-9 岁儿童呼吸结局之间的关联。我们对四个胎肺发育阶段的时空模型空气污染物暴露进行了平均：假腺体（5-16周）、小管（16-24周）、囊状（24-36周）和肺泡（36周以上）。我们分别使用修正泊松和多项逻辑回归估计了 8-9 岁当前哮喘和近期恶化或特应性疾病的哮喘的调整相对风险 (RR)，以及喘息轨迹的比值比 (OR)。探讨了儿童性别、孕产妇哮喘和产前环境烟草烟雾对影响的影响。在所有结果中，95% 置信区间 (CI) 包括产前空气污染暴露与呼吸系统结果之间关联的所有估计的零值。假腺体 PM 暴露会适度增加当前哮喘的风险（RR = 1.15，95% CI：0.88–1.51）；接触小管 PM 会适度增加近期哮喘发作（RR = 1.26，95% CI：0.86–1.86）和持续性喘息（OR = 1.28，95% CI：0.86–1.89）的风险。 O 也观察到了类似的结果，但 NO 没有，并且在没有哮喘的母亲中这种关联得到了加强。虽然在统计上与零值没有区别，但效果估计的趋势表明，怀孕早期空气污染暴露与儿童呼吸系统疾病存在一些不利关联，需要在更大的样本中进行确认。