Common viral infections start from binding of the viral pathogens to the viral receptors on the host body, for example, SARS-CoV-2 infects cells by binding to human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This review discusses optical biosensors that exploit ACE2 or ACE2 derived peptides (ACE2 mimics) as affinity ligands for detecting SARS-CoV-2. In these biosensors, the target analytes can include surrogate pseudoviruses, inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus, spike proteins, or receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. The advantages of using ACE2 and/or ACE2 mimics over common affinity ligands (e.g. antibodies) against future virus mutations are highlighted. The advantages of the smaller sized ACE2 mimics relative to ACE2 protein for achieving more versatile sensor designs and higher selectivity are also discussed. In addition to SARS-CoV-2 detection, this review also discusses the expanded application of ACE2-based optical biosensors for the detection of non-viral targets, e.g., SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies and anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

中文翻译：

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利用病毒受体 ACE2 和 ACE2 模拟物的光学生物传感器

常见的病毒感染是从病毒病原体与宿主体内的病毒受体结合开始的，例如SARS-CoV-2通过与人血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）结合来感染细胞。本综述讨论了利用 ACE2 或 ACE2 衍生肽（ACE2 模拟物）作为亲和配体来检测 SARS-CoV-2 的光学生物传感器。在这些生物传感器中，目标分析物可以包括替代假病毒、灭活的 SARS-CoV-2 病毒、刺突蛋白或刺突蛋白的受体结合域 (RBD)。强调了使用 ACE2 和/或 ACE2 模拟物相对于常见亲和配体（例如抗体）来对抗未来病毒突变的优势。还讨论了相对于 ACE2 蛋白而言较小尺寸 ACE2 模拟物在实现更通用的传感器设计和更高选择性方面的优势。除了 SARS-CoV-2 检测之外，本综述还讨论了基于 ACE2 的光学生物传感器在非病毒靶点检测中的扩展应用，例如 SARS-CoV-2 中和抗体和抗 SARS-CoV-2 药物。