Due to the high surface-area, adjustable bandgap width, inherent non-toxic biodegradability, infrared-light responsiveness, intrinsic fluorescence and photoacoustic properties, ., a mono-elemental material–phosphorene, also referred to as black phosphorus (BP) in the form of mono/few layers, has emerged as one of the most popular alternatives among the two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials in biomedicine. Although phosphorene appears to be promising, the exploration of phosphorene is still in the initial stage, compared with other graphene analogs that have been investigated intensively. So far, the main defect hinders biomedical application of bare phosphorene is the poor ambient stability in existence of water and air, not to mention interactions with plasma proteins . Based on this case, the recent progresses on the fabrication (top-down and bottom-up methods), passivation strategies from physical, chemical, and toxicological aspects of phosphorene are summarized. The representative oncotherapy based on phosphorene, ranging from mono-phototherapy to theranostic (sonodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, genetherapy, immunotherapy, synergistic therapy and fluorescence/photoacoustic-based bio-imaging) are also summarized in details. The key obstacles and future trends of phosphorene are proposed for conceiving/engineering novel phosphorene-based nanoplatforms for multidisciplinary biomedical applications.

中文翻译：

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功能性磷烯：新兴的一代，用于肿瘤治疗的二维纳米治疗平台

由于具有高表面积、可调节带隙宽度、固有的无毒生物降解性、红外光响应性、固有荧光和光声特性，一种单元素材料——磷烯，在化学中也称为黑磷（BP）。单层/几层形式，已成为生物医学中二维（2D）纳米材料中最流行的替代品之一。尽管磷烯看起来很有前景，但与其他已深入研究的石墨烯类似物相比，磷烯的探索仍处于初级阶段。迄今为止，阻碍裸磷烯生物医学应用的主要缺陷是在水和空气存在下的环境稳定性差，更不用说与血浆蛋白的相互作用。基于此案例，从物理、化学和毒理学方面总结了磷烯的制备（自上而下和自下而上方法）、钝化策略的最新进展。还详细总结了基于磷烯的代表性肿瘤治疗，从单一光疗到治疗诊断（声动力疗法、放射疗法、化学动力学疗法、化疗、基因疗法、免疫疗法、协同疗法和基于荧光/光声的生物成像）。提出了磷烯的主要障碍和未来趋势，用于构思/设计用于多学科生物医学应用的新型磷烯基纳米平台。