Nanoparticles can regulate the rheological behavior of polymers during three-dimensional (3D) printing. To overcome the poor molding performance of pure sodium alginate (SA), the present study introduced clay halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and a novel SA/HNTs ink with good formability was obtained. Subsequently, a high-performance SA/HNTs composite scaffold for bone defect repair was prepared using 3D printing and high-temperature sintering. The rheological properties, interfacial interactions, and mechanical performance of the SA/HNTs ink demonstrated hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attractions between SA and the HNTs, and the ink exhibited good shape fidelity, printability, and mechanical properties after 3D printing. The SA/HNTs composite hydrogel scaffold can transfer into a rigid ceramic scaffold after high-temperature treatment at 1200 °C. The cell experiments confirmed that the SA/HNTs ceramic scaffold exhibited good biocompatibility and osteogenic activity. In addition, a rat calvarial repair experiment showed that the SA/HNTs scaffolds exhibited good bone repair abilities in vivo. Overall, the SA/HNTs composite scaffolds have excellent formability, biocompatibility, and osteogenic activity and have broad application prospects in the field of bone defect repair.

中文翻译：

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三维打印海藻酸钠粘土纳米管复合支架用于骨再生

纳米颗粒可以调节三维 (3D) 打印过程中聚合物的流变行为。为了克服纯海藻酸钠（SA）成型性能差的问题，本研究引入粘土埃洛石纳米管（HNTs），获得了一种具有良好成型性的新型SA/HNTs墨水。随后，通过3D打印和高温烧结制备了用于骨缺损修复的高性能SA/HNTs复合支架。 SA/HNTs墨水的流变性能、界面相互作用和机械性能表明SA和HNTs之间存在氢键和静电吸引力，并且该墨水在3D打印后表现出良好的形状保真度、可打印性和机械性能。 SA/HNTs复合水凝胶支架经1200℃高温处理后可转变为刚性陶瓷支架。细胞实验证实SA/HNTs陶瓷支架表现出良好的生物相容性和成骨活性。此外，大鼠颅骨修复实验表明，SA/HNTs支架在体内表现出良好的骨修复能力。总体而言，SA/HNTs复合支架具有优异的成型性、生物相容性和成骨活性，在骨缺损修复领域具有广阔的应用前景。