SummaryMaternal environmental exposures, particularly during gestation and lactation, significantly influence the immunological development and long‐term immunity of offspring. Mammalian immune systems develop through crucial inputs from the environment, beginning in utero and continuing after birth. These critical developmental windows are essential for proper immune system development and, once closed, may not be reopened. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which maternal exposures, particularly to pathogens, diet, and microbiota, impact offspring immunity. Mechanisms driving maternal‐offspring immune crosstalk include transfer of maternal antibodies, changes in the maternal microbiome and microbiota‐derived metabolites, and transfer of immune cells and cytokines via the placenta and breastfeeding. We further discuss the role of transient maternal infections, which are common during pregnancy, in providing tissue‐specific immune education to offspring. We propose a “maternal‐driven immune education” hypothesis, which suggests that offspring can use maternal encounters that occur during a critical developmental window to develop optimal immune fitness against infection and inflammation.

中文翻译：

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母亲驱动的后代免疫教育

摘要母亲的环境暴露，特别是在妊娠和哺乳期间，显着影响后代的免疫发育和长期免疫力。哺乳动物的免疫系统通过环境的重要输入而发展，从子宫内开始一直持续到出生后。这些关键的发育窗口对于免疫系统的正常发育至关重要，一旦关闭，就可能无法重新打开。本综述重点关注母亲接触，特别是病原体、饮食和微生物群，影响后代免疫力的机制。驱动母体-后代免疫串扰的机制包括母体抗体的转移、母体微生物组和微生物群衍生代谢物的变化，以及通过胎盘和母乳喂养的免疫细胞和细胞因子的转移。我们进一步讨论了妊娠期间常见的短暂性母体感染在为后代提供组织特异性免疫教育方面的作用。我们提出了“母体驱动的免疫教育”假说，该假说表明后代可以利用关键发育窗口期间发生的母体接触来形成针对感染和炎症的最佳免疫适应性。