Aqueous photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells have been considered a scalable technology to convert solar energy to H₂ but still suffer from sluggish water oxidation kinetics and downstream gas separation. Here we demonstrate a PEC water splitting into H₂O₂ and H₂ by employing a CaSnO₃/SrTiO₃/BiVO₄ (CSO/STO/BVO) photoanode to simultaneously address the above two problems. The CSO as cocatalyst selectively oxidizes water to H₂O₂ with a Faradaic efficiency of 90%, while the STO interlayer promotes the charge separation by an inner polarization field. The scalability potential is demonstrated by 144 cm² array panel reactors, which achieve an industrial-scale peak photocurrent of 0.11 A under a natural irradiance of 862 W·m^–2. The proposed incidence-inclination angle analysis finds the optimum operation for array panel reactors to achieve the highest land-to-photocurrent efficiency. This renovated view of the PEC cell design may enable further optimization of industrial applications.

中文翻译：

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可扩展的光电化学电池，用于将太阳能水分解为 H2 和 H2O2

水相光电化学（PEC）电池被认为是一种可将太阳能转化为H _{2 的}可扩展技术，但仍然受到水氧化动力学缓慢和下游气体分离的困扰。在这里，我们通过使用CaSnO ₃ /SrTiO ₃ /BiVO ₄ (CSO/STO/BVO)光阳极演示了PEC水分解成H ₂ O ₂和H ₂以同时解决上述两个问题。 CSO作为助催化剂选择性地将水氧化为H ₂ O ₂，​​法拉第效率为90%，而STO中间层通过内部极化场促进电荷分离。 144 cm ²阵列面板反应器证明了其可扩展性潜力，该反应器在 862 W·m ^–2的自然辐照度下实现了 0.11 A 的工业规模峰值光电流。所提出的入射倾角分析找到了阵列板反应器的最佳操作，以实现最高的陆地光电流效率。这种 PEC 电池设计的全新视角可能有助于进一步优化工业应用。