This meta-analysis aims to explore the potential link between vaccines and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase for observational studies from inception to September 3, 2023, using medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords. Study quality was assessed using the NOS scale. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA software (version 14.0). Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s regression. The meta-analysis incorporated 17 studies, encompassing 45,067,349 individuals with follow-up periods ranging from 0.5 to 2 years. The pooled analysis revealed no significant association between vaccinations and an increased risk of SLE [OR = 1.14, 95% CI (0.86–1.52), I2 = 78.1%, P = 0.348]. Subgroup analyses indicated that HBV vaccination was significantly associated with an elevated risk of SLE [OR =2.11, 95% CI (1.11-4.00), I2 = 63.3%, P = 0.02], HPV vaccination was slightly associated with an increased risk of SLE [OR = 1.43, 95% CI (0.88–2.31), I2 = 72.4%, P = 0.148], influenza vaccination showed no association with an increased risk of SLE [OR = 0.96, 95% CI (0.82–1.12), I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.559], and COVID-19 vaccine was marginally associated with a decreased risk of SLE [OR = 0.44, 95% CI (0.18–1.21), I2 = 91.3%, P = 0.118]. This study suggests that vaccinations are not linked to an increased risk of SLE. Our meta-analysis results provide valuable insights, alleviating concerns about SLE risk post-vaccination and supporting further vaccine development efforts.

中文翻译：

---

疫苗接种与系统性红斑狼疮的风险：观察性研究的荟萃分析

这项荟萃分析旨在探讨疫苗与系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 之间的潜在联系。我们使用医学主题词 (MeSH) 和关键词系统地检索了 PubMed、Cochrane 图书馆和 Embase，以查找从开始到 2023 年 9 月 3 日的观察性研究。使用 NOS 量表评估研究质量。使用STATA软件（14.0版）进行统计分析。使用漏斗图和艾格回归评估发表偏倚。该荟萃分析纳入了 17 项研究，涵盖 45,067,349 名个体，随访期从 0.5 年到 2 年不等。汇总分析显示，疫苗接种与 SLE 风险增加之间没有显着关联 [OR = 1.14，95% CI (0.86–1.52)，I2 = 78.1%，P = 0.348]。亚组分析表明，HBV 疫苗接种与 SLE 风险升高显着相关 [OR =2.11, 95% CI (1.11-4.00), I2 = 63.3%, P = 0.02]，HPV 疫苗接种与 SLE 风险升高略有相关[OR = 1.43，95% CI (0.88–2.31)，I2 = 72.4%，P = 0.148]，流感疫苗接种与 SLE 风险增加无关[OR = 0.96，95% CI (0.82–1.12)，I2 = 0.0%，P = 0.559]，并且 COVID-19 疫苗与 SLE 风险降低略有相关 [OR = 0.44，95% CI (0.18–1.21)，I2 = 91.3%，P = 0.118]。这项研究表明，接种疫苗与 SLE 风险增加无关。我们的荟萃分析结果提供了宝贵的见解，减轻了对疫苗接种后 SLE 风险的担忧，并支持进一步的疫苗开发工作。