Managing diabetes is a chronic challenge today, requiring monitoring and timely insulin injections to maintain stable blood glucose levels. Traditional clinical testing relies on fingertip or venous blood collection, which has facilitated the emergence of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology to address data limitations. Continuous glucose monitoring technology is recognized for tracking long-term blood glucose fluctuations, and its development, particularly in wearable devices, has given rise to compact and portable continuous glucose monitoring devices, which facilitates the measurement of blood glucose and adjustment of medication. This review introduces the development of wearable CGM-based technologies, including noninvasive methods using body fluids and invasive methods using implantable electrodes. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed as well as the use of microneedle arrays in minimally invasive CGM. Microneedle arrays allow for painless transdermal puncture and are expected to facilitate the development of wearable CGM devices. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities and look forward to the biomedical applications and future directions of wearable CGM-based technologies in biological research.

中文翻译：

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连续监测体内血糖的可穿戴设备的技术进展

管理糖尿病是当今的一项长期挑战，需要监测和及时注射胰岛素以维持稳定的血糖水平。传统的临床测试依赖于指尖或静脉采血，这促进了连续血糖监测（CGM）技术的出现，以解决数据限制。连续血糖监测技术被认为可以跟踪长期血糖波动，其发展，特别是可穿戴设备，催生了紧凑型便携式连续血糖监测设备，方便了血糖测量和药物调整。本综述介绍了基于可穿戴 CGM 技术的发展，包括使用体液的非侵入性方法和使用植入式电极的侵入性方法。讨论了这些方法的优点和缺点以及微针阵列在微创 CGM 中的使用。微针阵列可实现无痛经皮穿刺，有望促进可穿戴 CGM 设备的开发。最后，我们讨论了基于可穿戴 CGM 的技术在生物研究中的挑战和机遇，并展望了生物医学应用和未来方向。