Among the various types of enzyme-based biosensors, sensors utilizing enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) are recognized as the most ideal. However, only a limited number of redox enzymes are capable of DET with electrodes, that is, dehydrogenases harboring a subunit or domain that functions specifically to accept electrons from the redox cofactor of the catalytic site and transfer the electrons to the external electron acceptor. Such subunits or domains act as built-in mediators for electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes; consequently, such enzymes enable direct electron transfer to electrodes and are designated as DET-type enzymes. DET-type enzymes fall into several categories, including redox cofactors of catalytic reactions, built-in mediators for DET with electrodes and by their protein hierarchic structures, DET-type oxidoreductases with oligomeric structures harboring electron transfer subunits, and monomeric DET-type oxidoreductases harboring electron transfer domains. In this review, we cover the science of DET-type oxidoreductases and their biomedical applications. First, we introduce the structural biology and current understanding of DET-type enzyme reactions. Next, we describe recent technological developments based on DET-type enzymes for biomedical applications, such as biosensors and biochemical energy harvesting for self-powered medical devices. Finally, after discussing how to further engineer and create DET-type enzymes, we address the future prospects for DET-type enzymes in biomedical engineering.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 26 is May 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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用于生物医学应用的直接电子转移型氧化还原酶

在各种类型的基于酶的生物传感器中，利用能够直接电子转移（DET）的酶的传感器被认为是最理想的。然而，只有有限数量的氧化还原酶能够用电极进行DET，即具有亚基或结构域的脱氢酶，其功能特异性地从催化位点的氧化还原辅因子接受电子并将电子转移到外部电子受体。这些亚基或结构域充当酶和电极之间电子转移的内置介体；因此，此类酶能够将电子直接转移到电极，并被称为 DET 型酶。 DET型酶分为几类，包括催化反应的氧化还原辅助因子、具有电极和蛋白质层次结构的DET内置介体、具有包含电子转移亚基的寡聚结构的DET型氧化还原酶和包含电子转移亚基的单体DET型氧化还原酶。电子转移域。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了 DET 型氧化还原酶的科学及其生物医学应用。首先，我们介绍DET型酶反应的结构生物学和目前的认识。接下来，我们描述了基于 DET 型酶的生物医学应用的最新技术发展，例如用于自供电医疗设备的生物传感器和生化能量收集。最后，在讨论了如何进一步设计和创建 DET 型酶后，我们讨论了 DET 型酶在生物医学工程中的未来前景。《生物医学工程年度评论》第 26 卷的预计最终在线出版日期为 2024 年 5 月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates 了解修订后的估计。