Amphibious plants can grow and survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This review explores the diverse adaptations that enable them to thrive in such contrasting habitats. Plants with amphibious lifestyles possess fascinating traits, and their phenotypic plasticity plays an important role in adaptations. Heterophylly, the ability to produce different leaf forms, is one such trait, with submerged leaves generally being longer, narrower, and thinner than aerial leaves. In addition to drastic changes in leaf contours, amphibious plants display significant anatomical and physiological changes, including a reduction in stomatal number and cuticle thickness and changes in photosynthesis mode. This review summarizes and compares the regulatory mechanisms and evolutionary origins of amphibious plants based on molecular biology studies actively conducted in recent years using novel model amphibious plant species. Studying amphibious plants will enhance our understanding of plant adaptations to aquatic environments.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 75 is May 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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潜入水中：以两栖植物为模型研究植物对水生环境的适应

两栖植物可以在水生和陆地环境中生长和生存。这篇综述探讨了使它们能够在如此截然不同的栖息地中茁壮成长的多样化适应。具有两栖生活方式的植物具有令人着迷的特征，其表型可塑性在适应中发挥着重要作用。异叶性，即产生不同叶子形状的能力，就是这样的特征之一，沉水叶子通常比气生叶子更长、更窄、更薄。除了叶子轮廓的剧烈变化外，两栖植物还表现出显着的解剖学和生理学变化，包括气孔数量和角质层厚度的减少以及光合作用模式的变化。本文基于近年来积极开展的新型两栖植物模型物种的分子生物学研究，总结和比较了两栖植物的调控机制和进化起源。研究两栖植物将增强我们对植物适应水生环境的理解。《植物生物学年度评论》第 75 卷的预计最终在线出版日期为 2024 年 5 月。请参阅 http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates修订后的估计。