In response to women’s changing roles in labor markets, couples have adopted varied strategies to reconcile career and family needs. Yet, most studies on the gendered division of labor focus almost exclusively on changes either in work or family domain. Doing so neglects the process through which couples negotiate and contest traditional work and family responsibilities. Studies that do examine these tradeoffs have highlighted how work–family strategies range far beyond simple traditional-egalitarian dichotomies but are limited to specific points in time or population subgroups. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and latent-class analysis, this article provides the first population-based estimates of the couple-level tradeoffs inherent in work–family strategies in the United States, documents trends in the share of couples who fall into each of these strategies, and considers social stratification by gender and college education in these trends. Specifically, I identify seven distinct work–family strategies (traditional, neotraditional, her-second-shift, egalitarian, his-second-shift, female-breadwinner, and neither-full-time couples). Egalitarian couples experienced the fastest increase in prevalence among college-educated couples, whereas couples that lacked two full-time earners increased among less-educated couples. Still, about a quarter of all couples adopted “her-second-shift” strategies, with no variation across time, making it the modal work–family strategy among dual-earner couples. The long-run, couple-level results support the view that the gender revolution has stalled and suggest that this stall may be caused partly by strong traditional gender preferences, whereas structural resources appear to facilitate gender equality among a selected few.

中文翻译：

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性别平等为了谁？1968-2019 年美国夫妇有偿工作和家务分工的大学教育梯度变化

为了应对女性在劳动力市场中不断变化的角色，夫妇采取了不同的策略来协调职业和家庭需求。然而，大多数关于性别分工的研究几乎完全集中在工作或家庭领域的变化。这样做忽视了夫妻协商和争夺传统工作和家庭责任的过程。确实检验这些权衡的研究强调了工作与家庭策略的范围远远超出了简单的传统平等主义二分法，但仅限于特定的时间点或人口亚组。本文利用收入动态小组研究和潜在阶层分析的数据，首次对美国工作与家庭策略中固有的夫妻层面权衡进行了基于人群的估计，记录了夫妻跌倒比例的趋势纳入每一项战略，并考虑这些趋势中按性别和大学教育划分的社会分层。具体来说，我确定了七种不同的工作家庭策略（传统、新传统、她的第二班、平等主义、他的第二班、女性养家糊口和非全职夫妇）。在受过大学教育的夫妇中，平等主义夫妇的患病率增长最快，而在受教育程度较低的夫妇中，缺乏两名全职工作人员的夫妇患病率上升最快。尽管如此，仍有大约四分之一的夫妇采取了“她的第二轮班”策略，并且没有随时间的变化而变化，这使其成为双职工夫妇中最常见的工作家庭策略。长期的、夫妇层面的结果支持了性别革命已经停滞的观点，并表明这种停滞可能部分是由于强烈的传统性别偏好造成的，而结构性资源似乎促进了少数人的性别平等。