In low- and middle-income countries, significant differences in fertility beliefs between rural and urban areas arise from the differential timing and pace of fertility declines. Demographers have long hypothesized about the diffusion of these beliefs and behaviors from urban to rural areas, potentially via temporary rural–urban labor migration. In this paper, we investigate the association between temporary internal migration from rural Senegal to the capital city, Dakar, and differences in the fertility and contraceptive beliefs and preferences of migrants and nonmigrants. We test socialization, selection, and adaptation hypotheses by comparing the fertility ideation of current and returning migrants with that of nonmigrants and future migrants from their place of origin. Our results support selection effects, explaining half of the differences between nonmigrants and migrants. Once selection effects are removed, significant differences remain between nonmigrants and current or returning migrants. These differences are largely explained by two complementary measures of adaptation: years lived in Dakar and the number of ties to residents of that city. The results indicate that adaptation is as important, if not more so than selection in explaining differences between migrants and nonmigrants. This holds true even for returned migrants five years after their last migration spell. Of the two potential adaptation mechanisms explored, the time spent in Dakar generally explained adaptation better than ties to nonmigrants in Dakar. However, our complementary analyses do not rule out the importance of urban networks on fertility, as they contribute to migrant selection.

中文翻译：

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塞内加尔的城乡移民和生育观念：将返回达喀尔的、当前和未来的移民与农村非移民进行比较

在低收入和中等收入国家，农村和城市地区生育率信念的显着差异源于生育率下降的时间和速度的不同。人口统计学家长期以来一直假设这些信念和行为可能通过暂时的农村到城市劳动力迁移从城市传播到农村地区。在本文中，我们调查了从塞内加尔农村地区到首都达喀尔的临时内部移民与移民和非移民的生育率和避孕观念及偏好差异之间的关联。我们通过比较当前和回国移民与非移民和未来来自原籍地的移民的生育观念来检验社会化、选择和适应假设。我们的结果支持选择效应，解释了非移民和移民之间一半的差异。一旦消除选择效应，非移民与当前或回国移民之间仍然存在显着差异。这些差异在很大程度上可以通过两种互补的适应措施来解释：在达喀尔居住的年限以及与该城市居民的联系数量。结果表明，在解释移民和非移民之间的差异时，适应与选择一样重要，甚至更重要。即使对于上次移民五年后返回的移民来说也是如此。在探索的两种潜在的适应机制中，在达喀尔度过的时间通常比在达喀尔与非移民的联系更好地解释了适应。然而，我们的补充分析并不排除城市网络对生育率的重要性，因为它们有助于移民选择。