Aquaculture provides an important and expanding source of protein rich and healthy food to the world. However, to minimize environmental harm from aquaculture, interactions with wild fish communities need to be thoroughly assessed. Here, we characterize the existing knowledge pertaining to such interactions, exemplified with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming in open net pens along the Norwegian coast and potential consequences for wild Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) populations. Importantly, the wild cod fishery also provides a protein rich, high quality food source with high economic value. We identify seven risk sources that may affect behaviour, physiology, and survival in wild cod. Of particular importance is the large amount of waste feed that causes wild fish to aggregate around farms, thereby altering a multitude of ecological interactions including predation and disease transmission. Moreover, altered food quality in pellets may alter physiological processes and cause mortality to vulnerable life‐stages in wild cod. More research is needed on mechanisms and thresholds for harm. As the most important cod fisheries are found in northern Norway, where climate change also is rapid, we expect stronger and potentially more harmful interactions between fish farming and wild cod fisheries as aquaculture continues to expand. We hope that our analysis will inspire further research, on farmed salmon and wild cod interactions, but also on aquaculture and wild fish interactions in general. Such research is fundamental for the development of management systems that can reduce the impact of aquaculture on fisheries and the environment.

中文翻译：

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挪威养殖大西洋鲑鱼和野生大西洋鳕鱼种群之间的生态相互作用：风险来源和知识差距回顾

水产养殖为世界提供了重要且不断扩大的富含蛋白质的健康食品来源。然而，为了最大限度地减少水产养殖对环境的危害，需要彻底评估与野生鱼类群落的相互作用。在这里，我们描述了与这种相互作用有关的现有知识，以大西洋鲑鱼为例（鲑鱼）挪威沿海开放式网栏养殖以及对野生大西洋鳕鱼的潜在影响（鳕鱼）人口。重要的是，野生鳕鱼渔业还提供了富含蛋白质的优质食物来源，具有很高的经济价值。我们确定了可能影响野生鳕鱼行为、生理和生存的七个风险源。特别重要的是，大量的废弃饲料导致野生鱼类聚集在养殖场周围，从而改变了多种生态相互作用，包括捕食和疾病传播。此外，颗粒食品质量的改变可能会改变野生鳕鱼的生理过程并导致脆弱生命阶段的死亡。需要对危害机制和阈值进行更多研究。由于最重要的鳕鱼渔业位于挪威北部，那里的气候变化也很快，因此我们预计，随着水产养殖的不断扩大，养鱼业和野生鳕鱼渔业之间的相互作用会更强，而且可能更有害。我们希望我们的分析能够激发对养殖鲑鱼和野生鳕鱼相互作用以及水产养殖和野生鱼类相互作用的进一步研究。此类研究对于开发可减少水产养殖对渔业和环境影响的管理系统至关重要。