Chronic inflammation of adipose tissue is a prominent characteristic of many metabolic diseases. Lipid metabolism in adipose tissue is consistently dysregulated during inflammation, which is characterized by substantial infiltration by proinflammatory cells and high cytokine concentrations. Adipose tissue inflammation is caused by a variety of endogenous factors, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, cellular senescence, ceramides biosynthesis and mediators of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) signaling. Additionally, the gut microbiota also plays a crucial role in regulating adipose tissue inflammation. Essentially, adipose tissue inflammation arises from an imbalance in adipocyte metabolism and the regulation of immune cells. Specific inflammatory signals, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, inflammasome signaling and inflammation-mediated autophagy, have been shown to be involved in the metabolic regulation. The pathogenesis of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic inflammation (obesity, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]) and recent research regarding potential therapeutic targets for these conditions are also discussed in this review.

中文翻译：

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脂肪组织中炎症介导的代谢调节

脂肪组织的慢性炎症是许多代谢性疾病的显着特征。脂肪组织中的脂质代谢在炎症过程中始终失调，其特点是促炎细胞大量浸润和高细胞因子浓度。脂肪组织炎症是由多种内源性因素引起的，例如线粒体功能障碍、活性氧（ROS）产生、内质网（ER）应激、细胞衰老、神经酰胺生物合成和脂多糖（LPS）信号传导介质。此外，肠道微生物群在调节脂肪组织炎症中也发挥着至关重要的作用。本质上，脂肪组织炎症是由脂肪细胞代谢和免疫细胞调节失衡引起的。特定的炎症信号，包括核因子-κB (NF-κB) 信号、炎症体信号和炎症介导的自噬，已被证明参与代谢调节。本综述还讨论了以慢性炎症（肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、动脉粥样硬化和非酒精性脂肪肝 [NAFLD]）为特征的代谢性疾病的发病机制，以及有关这些疾病潜在治疗靶点的最新研究。