The classes Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes include constitutively melanized fungi adapted to extreme conditions and they are widely distributed in diverse hostile habitats worldwide. Yet, despite the growing interest in these fungi, there is a considerable gap of knowledge on their functionality. Their genomic analysis is still in its infancy and the possibility to understand their adaptive strategies and exploit their potentialities in bioremediation is very limited. Here, we supply a genome catalog of 118 black fungi, encompassing different ecologies, phylogenies and lifestyles, as a first example of a comparative genomic study at high level of diversity. Results indicate that, as a rule, Dothideomycetes show more variable genome size and that larger genomes are associated with harshest conditions; low temperature tolerance and DNA repair capacity are overrepresented in their genomes. In Eurotiomycetes high temperature tolerance and capacity to metabolize hydrocarbons are more frequently present and these abilities are positively correlated with the human presence. The genomic features are consistent with the prevalent ecologies in the two classes. Indeed, Dothideomycetes are more common in cold and dry environments with high capacity for DNA repair being consistent with the normally highly UV-impacted conditions in their habitats; in contrast, Eurotiomycetes spread mainly in hot human-impacted sites with industrial pollution. Mean annual temperature and isothermality are positively correlated with tolerance to high temperatures in Dothideomycetes, suggesting that, despite their preference for the cold, they are potentially equipped to survive even when temperatures rise due to the global warming.

Dothideomycetes和Eurotiomycetes包括适应极端条件的组成型黑化真菌，它们广泛分布在世界各地不同的恶劣栖息地。然而，尽管人们对这些真菌的兴趣日益浓厚，但对其功能的了解仍存在相当大的差距。它们的基因组分析仍处于起步阶段，了解它们的适应性策略和利用它们在生物修复中的潜力的可能性非常有限。在这里，我们提供了 118 种黑真菌的基因组目录，涵盖不同的生态、系统发育和生活方式，作为高水平多样性比较基因组研究的第一个例子。结果表明，一般来说，多丝菌纲表现出更多的基因组大小变异性，并且较大的基因组与最恶劣的条件有关；低温耐受性和 DNA 修复能力在它们的基因组中表现得过高。在欧洲菌纲中，耐高温性和代谢碳氢化合物的能力更常见，并且这些能力与人类的存在呈正相关。基因组特征与两类的普遍生态学一致。事实上，Dothideomycetes在寒冷和干燥的环境中更为常见，具有高 DNA 修复能力，与其栖息地通常受到紫外线影响的条件一致；相比之下，欧洲真菌主要在受人类影响且有工业污染的炎热地区传播。年平均气温和等温性与多丝菌纲的高温耐受性呈正相关，这表明，尽管它们偏爱寒冷，但即使在全球变暖导致气温升高的情况下，它们也有可能生存。