Soil-plant interactions of different wheat species (e.g., common, synthetic, durum and wild emmer ancestor) have not been studied yet. Therefore, our study was conducted to examine the interactive effect of 39 treatments including four wheat species (twelve varieties) and three soil types (loamy sand, sandy loam and sandy clay loam) on soil physical and biophysical quality indicators in a greenhouse pot experiment. The rhizosphere data were compared with the no plant (control) soil as well. The results revealed that the rhizosphere soils had a greater soil organic carbon (SOC) storage compared to the no plant soil, with the synthetic wheat species possessing the highest SOC content (order of SOC: synthetic > durum > emmer > common > control). The highest and the lowest SOC values (0.79 and 0.69 kg 100 kg) were observed in the rhizosphere of synthetic wheat S88 and common wheat CK varieties, respectively. The SOC showed a positive correlation with root morphological traits such as root volume and root dry weight. Basal soil respiration (BSR) showed significant variation among the four wheat species, and common and emmer ones had the highest BSR values. The maximum and minimum values of BSR (21.9 and 10.9 mg CO kg soil day) were observed in the rhizosphere of the common species planted in sandy loam soil and in the loamy sand bulk soil (control), respectively. The presence of plant roots significantly increased BSR compared to the control (bulk soil); on average, the BSR in the rhizosphere was 21% greater than the control. Both the wheat species and soil type significantly affected the soil water repellency index (RI) and wettability parameters, but the interactive effects of treatments (i.e., wheat species and soil type) were not significant. The soils in all of the studied treatments were sub-critically or slightly water repellent (i.e., contact angle lower than 90°). The RI values were measured in the order emmer > durum > common > control ≥ synthetic; however, the difference between the synthetic species and bulk soil was not significant. Plant roots increased the soil hydrophobicity by increasing the SOC storage and significant variations in RI among the wheat species indicated that the emmer, durum and common species with greater RI might have better soil physical quality in the rhizosphere. The wheat plants substantially increased water-stable aggregates and decreased water-dispersible clay in the rhizosphere compared to the bulk soil. These findings showed that wheat roots were able to alter the structural stability of the rhizosphere soil. Correlation analysis indicated that soil structural stability was closely related to the SOC, microbial activity, water repellency and root morphological traits. Principal component analysis was used to enhance visualization, identify interrelationships between soil quality indicators and categorize wheat varieties.

中文翻译：

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探索土壤与根系的相互作用：小麦品种和土壤类型的比较研究

不同小麦品种（例如普通小麦、合成小麦、硬粒小麦和野生二粒小麦祖先）的土壤-植物相互作用尚未得到研究。因此，我们的研究通过温室盆栽试验考察了包括四种小麦品种（12个品种）和三种土壤类型（壤土、砂壤土和砂粘壤土）在内的39个处理对土壤物理和生物物理质量指标的交互作用。根际数据也与无植物（对照）土壤进行了比较。结果表明，与无植物土壤相比，根际土壤具有更高的土壤有机碳（SOC）储存量，其中合成小麦品种的 SOC 含量最高（SOC 顺序为：合成 > 硬质小麦 > 二粒小麦 > 普通 > 对照）。合成小麦 S88 和普通小麦 CK 品种的根际 SOC 值最高和最低（分别为 0.79 和 0.69 kg·100 kg）。 SOC与根体积、根干重等根形态性状呈正相关。四种小麦品种的基础土壤呼吸（BSR）差异显着，普通小麦和二粒小麦的 BSR 值最高。 BSR 的最大值和最小值（21.9 和 10.9 mg CO kg 土壤日）分别在沙壤土和壤质沙土（对照）中种植的常见物种的根际观察到。与对照（散装土壤）相比，植物根的存在显着增加了 BSR；平均而言，根际 BSR 比对照高 21%。小麦品种和土壤类型均显着影响土壤拒水指数（RI）和润湿性参数，但处理（即小麦品种和土壤类型）的交互作用并不显着。所有研究处理中的土壤均具有亚临界或轻微防水性（即接触角低于 90°）。测定RI值的顺序为二粒小麦>硬粒小麦>普通>对照≥合成；然而，合成物种和土体土壤之间的差异并不显着。植物根系通过增加 SOC 储存量来增加土壤疏水性，不同小麦品种之间 RI 的显着差异表明，RI 较大的二粒小麦、硬粒小麦和常见品种可能具有更好的根际土壤物理质量。与大块土壤相比，小麦植株根际的水稳定性团聚体显着增加，水分散性粘土减少。这些发现表明小麦根能够改变根际土壤的结构稳定性。相关分析表明，土壤结构稳定性与SOC、微生物活性、憎水性和根系形态性状密切相关。主成分分析用于增强可视化、确定土壤质量指标之间的相互关系并对小麦品种进行分类。