It is thought that mRNA-based vaccine-induced immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) wanes quickly, based mostly on short-term studies. Here, we analyzed the kinetics and durability of the humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination using >8,000 longitudinal samples collected over a 3-year period in New York City. Upon primary immunization, participants with pre-existing immunity mounted higher antibody responses faster and achieved higher steady-state antibody titers than naive individuals. Antibody kinetics were characterized by two phases: an initial rapid decay, followed by a stabilization phase with very slow decay. Booster vaccination equalized the differences in antibody concentration between participants with and without hybrid immunity, but the peak antibody titers decreased with each successive antigen exposure. Breakthrough infections increased antibodies to similar titers as an additional vaccine dose in naive individuals. Our study provides strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses are long lasting, with initial waning followed by stabilization.

中文翻译：

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SARS-CoV-2 感染和疫苗诱导的抗体反应是持久的，最初是减弱阶段，然后是稳定阶段

主要基于短期研究，人们认为基于 mRNA 的疫苗诱导的针对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 的免疫力会迅速减弱。在这里，我们使用 3 年期间在纽约市收集的超过 8,000 个纵向样本分析了 SARS-CoV-2 感染和疫苗接种的体液反应的动力学和持久性。在初次免疫后，具有预先存在免疫力的参与者比初次免疫的个体更快地产生更高的抗体反应，并达到更高的稳态抗体滴度。抗体动力学的特征为两个阶段：最初的快速衰减，随后是衰减非常缓慢的稳定阶段。加强疫苗接种使有和没有混合免疫的参与者之间的抗体浓度差异相等，但峰值抗体滴度随着每次连续的抗原暴露而降低。突破性感染使抗体滴度增加到与初始个体中的额外疫苗剂量相似的滴度。我们的研究提供了强有力的证据，表明 SARS-CoV-2 抗体反应是持久的，最初减弱，随后稳定。