In the era of global climate change, abiotic stresses are the most prominent factors limiting crop productivity worldwide. Besides the gradual increase in global mean temperature, altered weather patterns, frequency of heat spikes, and drought episodes are some of the major consequences of changing climate, which threatens global food security. This problem warrants immediate attention and could be solved by developing climate-resilient crops. The crucial step towards growing such crops is understanding the complex molecular mechanism of abiotic stress regulation in field crops. The abiotic stresses in plants are broadly regulated by their genetic makeup and stress-responsive genes and their control epigenetically. Many reports are available on genetic regulation directly linked with stress-responsive genes, but only limited progress has been made in epigenetic regulation. Therefore, this review will focus on different epigenetic modifications, significant players, the complexity of interactions, and their role in stress-resilience in plants, specifically major cereals. Further, we have explored the research advancements and gaps in plant epigenome studies that will complete the relationship among the SNP–SMP–gene expression triplets. We have also explored the technological advancements combinations such as the integration of gene editing technology of CRISPR-Cas9 and the methylation editing technology of CRISPR-dCas9 for the process of molecular design for cereal ideotypes. Overall, this review will highlight the importance of epigenetic regulation to understand the complex nature of abiotic stresses and combinations while highlighting research gaps, particularly for cereals, to design future climate-smart crops.

中文翻译：

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植物胁迫下的表观遗传调控：谷物的视角

在全球气候变化的时代，非生物胁迫是限制全球作物生产力的最突出因素。除了全球平均气温逐渐升高之外，气候变化的一些主要后果还包括天气模式的改变、高温高峰的频率和干旱，气候变化威胁着全球粮食安全。这个问题值得立即关注，并且可以通过开发气候适应型作物来解决。种植此类作物的关键步骤是了解大田作物非生物胁迫调节的复杂分子机制。植物中的非生物胁迫广泛受到其基因组成和胁迫响应基因及其表观遗传控制的调节。许多关于与应激反应基因直接相关的遗传调控的报道，但在表观遗传调控方面只取得了有限的进展。因此，本综述将重点关注不同的表观遗传修饰、重要参与者、相互作用的复杂性以及它们在植物（特别是主要谷物）抗逆性中的作用。此外，我们还探讨了植物表观基因组研究的研究进展和差距，这将完善 SNP-SMP-基因表达三联体之间的关系。我们还探索了将CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术与CRISPR-dCas9甲基化编辑技术相结合等技术进步组合用于谷物理想型的分子设计过程。总的来说，这篇综述将强调表观遗传调控对于理解非生物胁迫和组合的复杂性质的重要性，同时强调研究差距，特别是对于谷物，以设计未来的气候智能型作物。