In the era of the information age, wearable sensors stand at the forefront of technological innovation, promising to revolutionize not just personalized healthcare, but numerous aspects of our daily lives. These compact devices, seamlessly integrated into garments or worn as accessories, are poised to transcend their initial role as fitness trackers to become powerful tools for monitoring health, enhancing athletic performance and rehabilitation, improving safety, and enabling massively distributed environmental monitoring. As we witness the rapid evolution of this technology, it is evident that wearable sensors are poised to reshape our world in profound ways. One of the most significant contributions of wearable sensors lies in the realm of healthcare. These devices can offer continuous, real-time monitoring of vital physical signs, as well as chemical biomarkers, providing invaluable insights into an individual’s health status. For patients with chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, wearable sensors can offer proactive management of their conditions and early detection of potential complications. By empowering individuals to take charge of their health and facilitating remote patient monitoring, wearable sensors have the potential to reduce hospital admissions, healthcare costs, and overall burden on the healthcare system. As ACS Sensors focuses on novel aspects of sensor science that selectively sense chemical or biological species or processes, we welcome papers that emphasize innovation in both physical and chemical sensors. In research on physical sensors, we seek papers where physical sensors provide a readout that serves as a surrogate for biological activity or processes, such as monitoring of movement, heart rate, and other physical outputs of the wearer in a valuable and innovative way. While the sensors themselves do not necessarily need to be novel, innovation in sensor design, utility, or implementation needs to be clearly articulated. Some examples of recent innovation in physical sensors include the rapid self-healing hydrogel that maintains ultralow electrical hysteresis, (1) microstructured pressure sensors that show high sensitivity to foot posture, (2) and thermoelectric hydrogel-based electronic skin for sensing temperature, pulse rate, and sweat content. (3) We anticipate that innovation in the device form factor coupled with meaningful applications of physical sensors will contribute to opportunities of physical sensors to advance healthcare, enhance training of athletes, improve physical therapy, and ease rehabilitation. By leveraging the power of device miniaturization coupled with innovation in materials, advances in wearable chemical sensors continue to be an important focus of research published in ACS Sensors. Capitalizing on the micro- and nanofabrication technologies, recent progress in transdermal sensor technologies centers on minimally invasive health monitoring from the interstitial fluid. A recent example from Wang and co-workers reports a skin-worn microneedle sensing device for the enzyme-mediated electrochemical detection of ketones. The device operates with a miniaturized electrochemical analyzer equipped with wireless connectivity to a mobile electronic device for capturing, processing, and displaying the data with potential applicability in management of diabetic ketoacidosis and personal nutrition and wellness. (4) In another recent study, Voelcker and colleagues illustrate a microneedle array for the enzyme-mediated detection of urea in the interstitial fluid of the skin, as a biomarker of renal malfunction. (5) This microneedle array features conductive recessed microcavities, with electropolymerized polyaniline boronic acid that served as an enzyme immobilization and detection layer for ammonia produced in a reaction with the urease enzyme; a Nafion membrane coating is used to protect it from the potential leaching of the urease enzyme. Sensor design of microneedles can also extend to potentiometric sensors, as demonstrated by the team of Crespo and Cuartero, who developed all solid-state ion selective microneedles to detect pH and carbonate, as indicators of dissolved CO₂. (6) One unique feature of microneedle-based patches is that they are well poised for closed-loop systems of monitoring and managing drug delivery. Parilla et al. demonstrate this concept in the context of continuous monitoring and transdermal on-demand drug delivery of the drug methotrexate. (7) The authors developed a hollow microneedle array patch modified with conductive pastes and functionalized with cross-linked chitosan to enable electrochemical monitoring of the drug, while an iontophoretic microneedle array was utilized for transdermal drug delivery. This advance represents progress in the development of closed-loop systems with potential impact in managing conditions, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, or psoriasis. Sweat represents another powerful fluid for bioanalytical sensing applications. The latest advances in wearable sweat biosensor systems focus on multiplexed detection promoted by the combination of physical and chemical sensors. The team of Wu and Mao has recently developed a modular and reconfigurable system for monitoring four key chemical sweat biomarkers (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and pH) and three essential physical indicators (heart rate, blood oxygen levels, and skin temperature). (8) The authors performed comparisons with commercially available methods (e.g., pulse oximetry, colorimetric strips, etc.) to validate this sensing approach. This modular wearable system promises to provide a reconfigurable approach to comprehensive health assessments. In another example, using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, Liu et al. have recently developed MXene–OH–Au membranes as wearable sensors for nicotine, methotrexate, nikethamide, and 6-acetylmorphine in sweat. (9) Alternatively, using a Janus textile to extract sweat using capillary forces and promote the unidirectional flow of sweat, Zhang and co-workers implemented a grapefruit optical fiber with embedded Ag nanoparticles to achieve physiologically relevant detection of sodium lactate and urea in sweat. (10) Taken together, these advances illustrate continued potential for sweat-based biosensors to provide biomedically relevant information. Extending beyond biological fluids, wearables also hold tremendous potential for environmental monitoring, breath analysis, and enhancing personal protection by sampling the gaseous phase. In this context, sensing materials must continue to perform in complex environments and high relative humidity. In a recent demonstration, Li et al. fabricated a wearable smart bracelet for the detection of ammonia with good sensitivity, selectivity, long-term stability, and promising performance in humid environments. (11) This sensor, fabricated from antimony doped SnO₂ nanocomposite with polyaniline, showed promising potential for enabling early and remote warning of toxic gas leaks in environments with different humidities. This requirement to operate in complex environments necessitates continued advances in novel materials that are amenable to the portable wearable sensing platform, while providing desired and relevant sensitivity and selectivity in the specific sensing context. Wearable sensors represent a transformative force that is reshaping the way we monitor health, enhance performance, offer protection, and conduct research. By harnessing the innovation in the device form factor coupled with the development of robust sensing materials capable of selective and sensitive detection in complex environments, we can unlock new opportunities for enhancing healthcare and rehabilitation, optimizing athletic performance, improving workplace safety, and advancing scientific knowledge. As we navigate this era of unprecedented technological innovation, let us embrace the potential of wearable sensors to create a healthier, safer, and more connected world for generations to come. This article references 11 other publications. This article has not yet been cited by other publications. This article references 11 other publications.

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释放可穿戴传感器在医疗保健及其他领域的潜力

在信息时代，可穿戴传感器站在技术创新的前沿，不仅有望彻底改变个性化医疗保健，还将彻底改变我们日常生活的方方面面。这些紧凑的设备无缝集成到服装中或作为配件佩戴，有望超越其最初作为健身追踪器的角色，成为监测健康、提高运动表现和康复、提高安全性以及实现大规模分布式环境监测的强大工具。当我们见证这项技术的快速发展时，很明显，可穿戴传感器即将深刻地重塑我们的世界。可穿戴传感器最重要的贡献之一在于医疗保健领域。这些设备可以连续、实时监测生命体征以及化学生物标志物，为个人健康状况提供宝贵的见解。对于患有糖尿病或心脏病等慢性病的患者，可穿戴传感器可以主动管理他们的病情并及早发现潜在的并发症。通过使个人能够掌控自己的健康并促进远程患者监控，可穿戴传感器有可能减少入院率、医疗成本以及医疗保健系统的总体负担。由于ACS Sensors专注于传感器科学的新颖方面，选择性地感知化学或生物物种或过程，因此我们欢迎强调物理和化学传感器创新的论文。在物理传感器的研究中，我们寻找物理传感器提供读数作为生物活动或过程的替代品的论文，例如以有价值和创新的方式监测佩戴者的运动、心率和其他身体输出。虽然传感器本身不一定是新颖的，但传感器设计、实用性或实施方面的创新需要明确阐明。物理传感器最新创新的一些例子包括保持超低电滞的快速自愈水凝胶，(1) 对足部姿势表现出高灵敏度的微结构压力传感器，(2) 以及用于感测温度、脉搏的基于热电水凝胶的电子皮肤率和汗液含量。(3) 我们预计，设备外形的创新加上物理传感器的有意义的应用将有助于物理传感器有机会促进医疗保健、加强运动员的训练、改善物理治疗和简化康复。通过利用设备小型化的力量以及材料创新，可穿戴化学传感器的进步仍然是ACS Sensors上发表的研究的重要焦点。利用微米和纳米制造技术，透皮传感器技术的最新进展集中在从组织液中进行微创健康监测。Wang 及其同事最近的一个例子报告了一种用于酶介导的酮电化学检测的皮肤佩戴微针传感装置。该设备与小型电化学分析仪一起运行，该分析仪配备与移动电子设备的无线连接，用于捕获、处理和显示数据，在糖尿病酮症酸中毒的管理以及个人营养和健康方面具有潜在的适用性。(4) 在最近的另一项研究中，Voelcker 及其同事展示了一种微针阵列，用于酶介导检测皮肤间质液中的尿素，作为肾功能障碍的生物标志物。(5) 这种微针阵列具有导电凹进微腔，具有电聚合聚苯胺硼酸作为酶固定和检测层，用于检测与脲酶反应中产生的氨；Nafion 膜涂层用于保护其免受脲酶潜在的浸出。微针的传感器设计也可以扩展到电位传感器，正如 Crespo 和 Cuartero 团队所证明的那样，他们开发了全固态离子选择性微针来检测 pH 和碳酸盐，作为溶解 CO ₂的指标。(6) 基于微针的贴片的一个独特特征是它们非常适合监测和管理药物输送的闭环系统。帕里拉等人。在甲氨蝶呤药物的持续监测和按需透皮给药的背景下展示这一概念。(7) 作者开发了一种空心微针阵列贴片，该贴片用导电浆料进行了修饰，并用交联壳聚糖进行了功能化，以实现对药物的电化学监测，同时离子电渗微针阵列用于透皮药物输送。这一进展代表了闭环系统开发的进展，对治疗癌症、类风湿性关节炎或牛皮癣等疾病具有潜在影响。汗液代表了生物分析传感应用的另一种强大的流体。可穿戴汗液生物传感器系统的最新进展侧重于物理和化学传感器相结合促进的多重检测。Wu 和 Mao 的团队最近开发了一种模块化和可重构系统，用于监测四种关键的化学汗液生物标志物（K ⁺、Ca ²⁺、Na ⁺和 pH 值）以及三项重要的身体指标（心率、血氧水平和皮肤温度）。(8) 作者与市售方法（例如脉搏血氧测定法、比色试纸条等）进行了比较，以验证这种传感方法。这种模块化可穿戴系统有望提供一种可重新配置的方法来进行全面的健康评估。在另一个例子中，Liu 等人使用表面增强拉曼散射 (SERS) 基板。最近开发了 MXene-OH-Au 膜作为可穿戴传感器，用于检测汗液中的尼古丁、甲氨蝶呤、尼可刹米和 6-乙酰吗啡。(9) 另外，张和同事使用 Janus 纺织品利用毛细管力提取汗液并促进汗液的单向流动，使用嵌入银纳米粒子的柚子光纤来实现对汗液中乳酸钠和尿素的生理相关检测。(10) 总而言之，这些进展表明基于汗液的生物传感器在提供生物医学相关信息方面具有持续的潜力。除了生物体液之外，可穿戴设备在环境监测、呼吸分析以及通过气相采样来增强个人防护方面也具有巨大的潜力。在这种情况下，传感材料必须在复杂的环境和高相对湿度下继续发挥作用。在最近的一次演示中，Li 等人。制作了一种用于氨检测的可穿戴智能手环，具有良好的灵敏度、选择性、长期稳定性以及在潮湿环境中的良好性能。(11) 这种传感器由锑掺杂的 SnO ₂纳米复合材料与聚苯胺制成，在不同湿度环境下有毒气体泄漏的早期和远程预警方面显示出巨大的潜力。这种在复杂环境中运行的要求需要不断改进适合便携式可穿戴传感平台的新型材料，同时在特定传感环境中提供所需的相关灵敏度和选择性。可穿戴传感器代表着一股变革力量，正在重塑我们监测健康、提高性能、提供保护和开展研究的方式。通过利用设备外形尺寸的创新以及能够在复杂环境中进行选择性和灵敏检测的坚固传感材料的开发，我们可以释放新的机遇，以增强医疗保健和康复、优化运动表现、提高工作场所安全和推进科学知识。在我们度过这个前所未有的技术创新时代时，让我们拥抱可穿戴传感器的潜力，为子孙后代创造一个更健康、更安全、更互联的世界。本文引用了其他 11 篇出版物。这篇文章尚未被其他出版物引用。本文引用了其他 11 篇出版物。