The oral cavity is an epidemiologically relevant route of viral transmission due to the shedding of viruses in saliva. With advancements in salivary diagnostics, an increasing number of viruses have been detected. However, the anatomic source of virus in saliva is still largely unknown. Some viruses have a well-established tropism for the salivary glands (SGs), and recent studies have emphasized the importance of the glands as potential reservoirs for infectious viruses. Viral infections of the SGs have been linked to acute and chronic SG pathology and may be associated with SG dysfunction, with phenotypes similar to those seen in SjÖgren’s disease (SjD), an autoimmune condition that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands. Understanding the breadth of viruses that infect the SG and the conserved or distinct host responses to these infections may provide insights into the pathogenesis of virus-mediated SG diseases. There is a need for further research to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which viruses enter and replicate in the glands, their physiologic impact on SG function, and whether the SGs can serve as a long-term reservoir for infectious viral particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight a group of viruses that infect the salivary gland: hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, enteric viruses, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, and BK polyomavirus. We focus on the effects of viral infection on salivary gland (SG) inflammation, function, and its association with SjD.

中文翻译：

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唾液腺和病毒发病机制

由于唾液中病毒的脱落，口腔是流行病学相关的病毒传播途径。随着唾液诊断技术的进步，已检测到越来越多的病毒。然而，唾液中病毒的解剖来源仍然很大程度上未知。一些病毒对唾液腺 (SG) 有明确的趋向性，最近的研究强调了唾液腺作为传染性病毒潜在储存库的重要性。SG 的病毒感染与急性和慢性 SG 病理学有关，并且可能与 SG 功能障碍有关，其表型与干燥病 (SjD) 相似，干燥病是一种影响唾液腺和泪腺的自身免疫性疾病。了解感染 SG 的病毒范围以及宿主对这些感染的保守或独特反应可能有助于深入了解病毒介导的 SG 疾病的发病机制。需要进一步的研究来充分了解病毒进入腺体并在腺体中复制的分子机制、它们对 SG 功能的生理影响，以及 SG 是否可以作为传染性病毒颗粒的长期储存库。本综述的目的是重点介绍一组感染唾液腺的病毒：丙型肝炎病毒、丁型肝炎病毒、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2、肠道病毒、人类 T 细胞白血病病毒 I 型、人类免疫缺陷病毒、人类巨细胞病毒和 BK 多瘤病毒。我们重点关注病毒感染对唾液腺 (SG) 炎症、功能的影响及其与 SjD 的关联。