Mounting evidence indicates that periodontitis-related oral bacteria may contribute to gut microbial dysbiosis. This clinical study aimed to explore the oral–gut microbial signatures associated with periodontitis and to longitudinally evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on the oral and gut microbial composition. Stool and saliva samples from generalized stage III/IV periodontitis patients ( n = 47) were collected and analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing, before and 3 mo after steps I to II of periodontal therapy. Periodontally healthy matched subjects ( n = 47) were used as controls. Principal component analysis was carried out to identify oral–gut microbial profiles between periodontitis patients at baseline and healthy subjects; periodontitis samples were longitudinally compared before and after treatment. β-Diversity of gut microbial profiles of periodontitis patients before treatment significantly differed from healthy controls ( P < 0.001). Periodontal therapy was associated with a significant change in gut microbiota ( P < 0.001), with post-treatment microbial profiles similar to healthy volunteers. A higher abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Fusobacterium, and Lachnospiraceae was noted in fecal samples of periodontitis patients at baseline compared to healthy controls. In contrast, Lactobacillus was the only genus more abundant in the latter. Additionally, periodontal therapy led to a parallel reduction in the salivary carriage of periodontal pathobionts, as well as gut Bacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae, to levels similar to healthy controls. Collectively, discriminating oral–gut microbial signatures of periodontitis were found. Periodontal treatment both mitigated oral dysbiosis and altered gut microbial composition, signifying potential broader implications for gastrointestinal health and disease.

中文翻译：

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牙周炎和牙周治疗对口腔和肠道微生物群的影响

越来越多的证据表明，与牙周炎相关的口腔细菌可能会导致肠道微生物失调。本临床研究旨在探索与牙周炎相关的口腔肠道微生物特征，并纵向评估牙周治疗对口腔和肠道微生物组成的影响。在牙周治疗步骤 I 至 II 之前和之后 3 个月，收集全身性 III/IV 期牙周炎患者 (n = 47) 的粪便和唾液样本，并通过 16S 核糖体 RNA 基因扩增子测序进行分析。牙周健康的匹配受试者（n = 47）用作对照。进行主成分分析，以确定基线牙周炎患者和健康受试者之间的口腔肠道微生物特征；纵向比较治疗前后的牙周炎样本。牙周炎患者治疗前肠道微生物的β多样性与健康对照组存在显着差异（P<0.001）。牙周治疗与肠道微生物群的显着变化相关（P < 0.001），治疗后微生物特征与健康志愿者相似。与健康对照相比，牙周炎患者的粪便样本中的拟杆菌属、粪杆菌属、梭杆菌属和毛螺旋菌科的丰度更高。相比之下，乳杆菌是后者中唯一更丰富的属。此外，牙周治疗导致唾液中牙周病原生物以及肠道拟杆菌、毛梭菌、毛螺菌科、颤螺菌科和瘤胃球菌科的携带量平行减少至与健康对照组相似的水平。总的来说，发现了牙周炎的口腔肠道微生物特征。牙周治疗既可以缓解口腔生态失调，又可以改变肠道微生物组成，这对胃肠道健康和疾病具有潜在的更广泛影响。