Some studies show that living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education, are associated with the magnitude of psychological sex differences. We systematically and quantitatively reviewed 54 articles and conducted new analyses on 27 meta-analyses and large-scale studies to investigate the association between living conditions and psychological sex differences. We found that sex differences in personality, verbal abilities, episodic memory, and negative emotions are more pronounced in countries with higher living conditions. In contrast, sex differences in sexual behavior, partner preferences, and math are smaller in countries with higher living conditions. We also observed that economic indicators of living conditions, such as gross domestic product, are most sensitive in predicting the magnitude of sex differences. Taken together, results indicate that more sex differences are larger, rather than smaller, in countries with higher living conditions. It should therefore be expected that the magnitude of most psychological sex differences will remain unchanged or become more pronounced with improvements in living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education.

中文翻译：

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性别平等悖论的系统回顾与新分析

一些研究表明，经济、性别平等和教育等生活条件与心理性别差异的大小有关。我们系统地、定量地回顾了 54 篇文章，并对 27 项荟萃分析和大规模研究进行了新的分析，以调查生活条件与心理性别差异之间的关联。我们发现，在生活条件较高的国家，性格、语言能力、情景记忆和负面情绪方面的性别差异更为明显。相比之下，在生活条件较高的国家，性行为、伴侣偏好和数学方面的性别差异较小。我们还观察到，生活条件的经济指标，例如国内生产总值，对于预测性别差异的程度最为敏感。总而言之，结果表明，在生活条件较高的国家，性别差异更大，而不是更小。因此，可以预见的是，随着经济、性别平等和教育等生活条件的改善，大多数心理性别差异的程度将保持不变或变得更加明显。