The impacts of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production include an extensive area of cultivation, high use of technology, and the generation of by‐products that must be utilized. Achieving higher productivity while reducing the expansion of cultivation is challenging. A potential strategy for increasing sugarcane yields and productivity is the foliar application of nutrients and biostimulants at different stages of sugarcane growth. The present study assessed the impact of the foliar application of nutrients (N, B, Cu, and Zn) and a growth regulator as biostimulant (indole butyric acid, gibberellic acid, and kinetin) on sugarcane metabolism, stalk and sugar production, and quality. Field experiments were performed at 17 sites during four growing seasons (2017–2018, 2018–2019, 2019–2020, and 2020–2021) using sugarcane with three harvest times (early, mid‐late, and late harvests). The treatments were as follows: (i) no foliar application of the biostimulant and nutrients (control), (ii) foliar application of the biostimulant and nutrients at the vegetative stage (VS) of sugarcane, (iii) foliar application of the biostimulant and nutrients at the maturation stage (MS) of sugarcane, and (iv) foliar application of the biostimulant and nutrients at both the vegetative and maturation stages (VMS). Foliar application did not increase ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase activity but increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Peroxidase and catalase activities were higher, >100% and 45%, respectively, in VMS, whereas superoxide dismutase activity increased by 54% in MS compared with control. Consistent with these results, sugarcane had low hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents in VMS. In addition, the plant biometric parameters were highest in VMS, which sugarcane produced 105, 92, and 86 Mg stalk h−1 in early, mid‐late, and late harvest seasons, respectively. In summary, the foliar application of the biostimulant and nutrients efficiently promoted the growth, productivity, and quality of early, mid‐late, and late harvest seasons. The positive effects of foliar application on the enzymatic and physiological responses of sugarcane can be achieved when applications are performed in both the VMS in all harvest seasons.

中文翻译：

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叶面施用营养素和生物刺激剂的频率和物候阶段可以增加甘蔗产量以及生物量和生物能源产量

甘蔗的影响（甘蔗spp.）生产包括广泛的种植面积、高技术利用率以及必须利用的副产品的产生。在减少种植面积的同时实现更高的生产力具有挑战性。提高甘蔗产量和生产率的一个潜在策略是在甘蔗生长的不同阶段叶面施用营养素和生物刺激剂。本研究评估了叶面喷施营养物质（氮、硼、铜和锌）和生长调节剂作为生物刺激剂（吲哚丁酸、赤霉酸和激动素）对甘蔗代谢、茎和糖产量以及质量的影响。在四个生长季（2017-2018年、2018-2019年、2019-2020年和2020-2021年）的17个地点，使用三个收获期（早收、中晚收和晚收）的甘蔗进行了田间试验。处理如下：（i）不叶面施用生物刺激剂和营养物（对照），（ii）在甘蔗的营养阶段（VS）叶面施用生物刺激剂和营养物，（iii）叶面施用生物刺激剂和营养物。 (iv) 在甘蔗成熟阶段 (MS) 的营养物质，以及 (iv) 在营养阶段和成熟阶段 (VMS) 叶面施用生物刺激剂和营养物质。叶面喷施并没有增加核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化酶活性，但增加了磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶活性和抗氧化酶的活性。与对照相比，VMS 中的过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性较高，分别 >100% 和 45%，而 MS 中的超氧化物歧化酶活性增加了 54%。与这些结果一致，甘蔗的 VMS 中过氧化氢和丙二醛含量较低。此外，VMS 中的植物生物特征参数最高，甘蔗每小时生产 105、92 和 86 毫克茎秆。−1分别在早、中、晚、晚收获季节。综上所述，叶面喷施生物刺激素和养分有效促进了早、中、晚、晚收获季的生长、生产力和品质。当在所有收获季节在两个 VMS 中进行叶面喷施时，可以实现叶面喷施对甘蔗酶促和生理反应的积极影响。