Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. The detection of cognitive impairment is important because this population is at higher risk of experiencing difficulties in the self-management of diabetes. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) often remains undiagnosed due to lack of simple tools for screening at large scale. This represents an important gap in the patients’ management because subjects with diabetes and MCI are at high risk of progressing to dementia. Due to its developmental origin as a brain-derived tissue, the retina has been proposed as a potential means of non-invasive and readily accessible exploration of brain pathology. Recent evidence showed that retinal imaging and/or functional tests are correlated with the cognitive function and brain changes in T2D. Simple retinal functional tests (i.e. retinal microperimetry) have proven to be useful as reliable tool for the cognitive evaluation and monitoring in patients with T2D>65 years. This review gives an overall update on the usefulness of retinal imaging in identifying patients with T2D at risk of developing dementia.

中文翻译：

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视网膜对于识别患有痴呆前驱期的 2 型糖尿病患者的有用性

2 型糖尿病 (T2D) 与认知障碍和痴呆有关。认知障碍的检测很重要，因为该人群在糖尿病自我管理方面遇到困难的风险较高。由于缺乏大规模筛查的简单工具，轻度认知障碍（MCI）常常未被诊断出来。这代表了患者管理中的一个重要差距，因为患有糖尿病和 MCI 的受试者进展为痴呆的风险很高。由于其发育起源为脑源性组织，视网膜被认为是非侵入性且易于探索脑病理学的潜在手段。最近的证据表明，视网膜成像和/或功能测试与 T2D 的认知功能和大脑变化相关。简单的视网膜功能测试（即视网膜微视野检查）已被证明是对 65 岁以上 T2D 患者进行认知评估和监测的可靠工具。本综述对视网膜成像在识别有痴呆风险的 T2D 患者方面的有用性进行了全面更新。