PTMs (Post-Translational Modifications) of proteins facilitate rapid modulation of protein function in response to various environmental stimuli. The EIN2 (Ethylene Insensitive 2) protein is a core regulatory of the ethylene signaling pathway. Recent findings have demonstrated that PTMs, including protein phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation, govern EIN2 trafficking, subcellular localization, stability, and physiological roles. The cognition of multiple PTMs in EIN2 underscores the stringent regulation of protein. Consequently, a thorough review of the regulatory role of PTMs in EIN2 functions will improve our profound comprehension of the regulation mechanism and various physiological processes of EIN2-mediated signaling pathways. This review discusses the evolution, functions, structure and characteristics of EIN2 protein in plants. Additionally, this review sheds light on the progress of protein ubiquitination, phosphorylation, O-Glycosylation in the regulation of EIN2 functions, and the unresolved questions and future perspectives.

中文翻译：

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乙烯不敏感 2 (EIN2) 命运塑造者：翻译后修饰

蛋白质的 PTM（翻译后修饰）有助于快速调节蛋白质功能以响应各种环境刺激。 EIN2（乙烯不敏感2）蛋白是乙烯信号通路的核心调节蛋白。最近的研究结果表明，PTM（包括蛋白质磷酸化、泛素化和糖基化）控制着 EIN2 运输、亚细胞定位、稳定性和生理作用。对EIN2中多个PTM的认知强调了蛋白质的严格调控。因此，全面回顾PTMs在EIN2功能中的调节作用将有助于我们对EIN2介导的信号通路的调节机制和各种生理过程的深刻理解。本文综述了植物中EIN2蛋白的进化、功能、结构和特性。此外，本文还揭示了蛋白质泛素化、磷酸化、O-糖基化在 EIN2 功能调节中的进展，以及尚未解决的问题和未来展望。