The hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is used to simulate the atomization process of spray jet in subsonic crossflow. A coupled Volume of Fluid (VOF) - Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) solver is implemented in the open-source platform OpenFOAM to solve the governing equations for the continuous and discrete phase respectively. An empirical model for primary atomization is proposed, in which the aerodynamic effect is taken into account, along with the turbulence effect. Thus, it is suitable for the flow at a low liquid-gas density ratio, i.e., less than 500. The performance of the presented model is evaluated and verified by comparisons of the simulated results with the experimental data. The flow characteristics of flow fields and distribution of droplet diameters are analyzed in detail. It is revealed that the vortex structures have a direct impact on the distribution of the droplets. The effects of the empirical constants in the atomization model are also examined. Finally, it is shown that the model performs better for the flow at a higher Weber number, in which the aerodynamic effect is more significant.

中文翻译：

---

使用经验初级雾化模型对横流中喷雾雾化进行数值模拟

采用欧拉-拉格朗日混合方法模拟亚音速横流中喷雾射流的雾化过程。在开源平台 OpenFOAM 中实现耦合流体体积 (VOF) - 拉格朗日粒子跟踪 (LPT) 求解器，分别求解连续相和离散相的控制方程。提出了初级雾化的经验模型，其中考虑了空气动力学效应以及湍流效应。因此，它适用于低液气密度比（即小于500）的流动。通过将模拟结果与实验数据进行比较，对所提出的模型的性能进行了评估和验证。详细分析了流场的流动特性和液滴直径的分布。结果表明，涡流结构对液滴的分布有直接影响。还检查了原子化模型中经验常数的影响。最后表明，模型对于韦伯数较高的流动表现较好，气动效应更加显着。