Adolescence is a period of rapid biobehavioral change, characterized in part by increased neural maturation and sensitivity to one’s environment. In this review, we aim to demonstrate that self-regulation skills are tuned by adolescents’ social, cultural, and socioeconomic contexts. We discuss adjacent literatures that demonstrate the importance of experience-dependent learning for adolescent development: environmental contextual influences and training paradigms that aim to improve regulation skills. We first highlight changes in prominent limbic and cortical regions—like the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex—as well as structural and functional connectivity between these areas that are associated with adolescents’ regulation skills. Next, we consider how puberty, the hallmark developmental milestone in adolescence, helps instantiate these biobehavioral adaptations. We then survey the existing literature demonstrating the ways in which cultural, socioeconomic, and interpersonal contexts drive behavioral and neural adaptation for self-regulation. Finally, we highlight promising results from regulation training paradigms that suggest training may be especially efficacious for adolescent samples. In our conclusion, we highlight some exciting frontiers in human self-regulation research as well as recommendations for improving the methodological implementation of developmental neuroimaging studies and training paradigms.

中文翻译：

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青春期自我调节的经验依赖性神经发育

青春期是生物行为快速变化的时期，其部分特征是神经成熟度和对环境的敏感性增加。在这篇综述中，我们的目的是证明自我调节技能是根据青少年的社会、文化和社会经济背景进行调整的。我们讨论了证明依赖经验的学习对青少年发展的重要性的相关文献：环境背景影响和旨在提高调节技能的培训范式。我们首先强调突出的边缘和皮质区域（如杏仁核和内侧前额叶皮质）的变化，以及这些区域之间与青少年调节技能相关的结构和功能连接。接下来，我们考虑青春期这一青春期标志性发展里程碑如何帮助实例化这些生物行为适应。然后，我们调查了现有文献，展示了文化、社会经济和人际环境如何驱动自我调节的行为和神经适应。最后，我们强调了监管培训范式的有希望的结果，这些结果表明培训可能对青少年样本特别有效。在我们的结论中，我们强调了人类自我调节研究中一些令人兴奋的前沿领域，以及改进发育神经影像研究和培训范式的方法实施的建议。