Porous artificial reefs can function as nature-based solutions for coastal protection, due to their ability to dissipate wave energy while providing habitat for marine species. However, due to the lack of quantitative understanding of wave interactions with porous artificial reefs, there is uncertainty in how to optimize design for coastal protection applications. To address this gap, physical modelling experiments were conducted in a wave flume to investigate wave transformation across both porous and impermeable artificial reefs exposed to a range of regular wave conditions and submergence depths. The results highlight how key changes to wave kinematics (e.g., wave celerity, wave breaking) and wave energy (through reflection, dissipation and transmission) differ considerably between impermeable and porous artificial reefs. These differences in wave kinematic properties and energy balances across each reef can be well characterized by consideration of the effective crest depth (i.e., the total height of water at a point on the reef, including that in the voids) that accounts for the porosity of the reef structure, rather than the actual depth of the reef crest. The ratio of the effective crest depth to the incident wave height, termed the ‘relative effective crest depth’, was used to develop robust formulations to accurately predict wave reflection and transmission coefficients across both reefs over the range of wave and water depth conditions. The new formulations were also compared to other datasets reported in the literature, and were found to provide accurate predictions of both wave reflection and transmission for the broad range of submerged porous coastal structures considered (including artificial reefs and submerged breakwaters).

中文翻译：

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不透水和多孔人工鱼礁的波浪变换

多孔人工鱼礁可以作为基于自然的海岸保护解决方案，因为它们能够消散波浪能，同时为海洋物种提供栖息地。然而，由于缺乏对波浪与多孔人工鱼礁相互作用的定量了解，如何优化海岸保护应用的设计存在不确定性。为了解决这一差距，在波浪水槽中进行了物理模拟实验，以研究暴露在一系列规则波浪条件和淹没深度下的多孔和不渗透人工礁石的波浪转变。结果强调了不透水和多孔人工鱼礁之间波浪运动学（例如波浪速度、波浪破碎）和波浪能量（通过反射、耗散和传输）的关键变化有何显着差异。每个珊瑚礁的波浪运动学特性和能量平衡的这些差异可以通过考虑有效波峰深度（即珊瑚礁上某一点的水的总高度，包括空隙中的水的总高度）来很好地表征，该有效波峰深度解释了珊瑚礁的孔隙度。珊瑚礁结构，而不是珊瑚礁顶部的实际深度。有效波峰深度与入射波高的比率（称为“相对有效波峰深度”）用于开发稳健的公式，以准确预测在波浪和水深条件范围内两个珊瑚礁的波浪反射和透射系数。新公式还与文献中报道的其他数据集进行了比较，发现可以为所考虑的各种水下多孔沿海结构（包括人工鱼礁和水下防波堤）提供波浪反射和传播的准确预测。