Wireless power transfer (WPT) in automotive is an emerging technology that utilizes coupled coils to transfer power through time-varying magnetic fields, enabling the charging of electric vehicles. Like any electromagnetic field source, WPT systems can potentially interfere with other electronic devices, impacting their proper functioning. This risk requires evaluation, especially when the affected device is a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED), as malfunctioning can pose serious hazards to the patient's safety. Currently, WPT technology is in its early stages and has not been explicitly considered during the drafting of current CIED regulations. Consequently, predicting the behavior of a CIED when in proximity to a WPT system is not straightforward, and new experimental data are necessary. The objective of this article is to conduct in-vitro testing on a representative sample of pacemakers (PMs) and implantable cardioverter/defibrillators exposed to a magnetic field at the frequency of WTP systems, with field levels gradually increasing up to ICNIRP occupational reference levels. Compared to previous studies, the main novelty is to assess, on 11 commercial CIEDs, a safety margin for the exposure to the magnetic field dispersed by a WPT system, under worst-case exposure condition. Over a total of 51 conducted tests 24 interfering events were observed: only 1 occurred with a magnetic field at 50 μ T while all the others were observed with higher field levels, at 75 and 100 μ T. Thus, the results of this research demonstrate that the risk of interference is very low. Electromagnetic interference phenomena were observed only under worst-case conditions (e.g., maximum sensitivity of the device, maximum lead loop area, pulsed modulation, and unipolar configuration for PMs) and at exposure levels above the ICNIRP general population reference levels.

中文翻译：

---

起搏器和植入式除颤器对汽车无线电力传输系统的电磁抗扰度：一项颇具争议性的研究

汽车中的无线电力传输 (WPT) 是一项新兴技术，利用耦合线圈通过时变磁场传输电力，从而为电动汽车充电。与任何电磁场源一样，WPT 系统可能会干扰其他电子设备，影响其正常运行。这种风险需要评估，特别是当受影响的设备是心脏植入式电子设备 (CIED) 时，因为故障可能会对患者的安全造成严重危害。目前，WPT 技术还处于早期阶段，在起草现行 CIED 法规时尚未明确考虑。因此，预测 CIED 在接近 WPT 系统时的行为并不简单，并且需要新的实验数据。本文的目的是对暴露于 WTP 系统频率的磁场中的起搏器 (PM) 和植入式心律转复器/除颤器的代表性样本进行体外测试，磁场水平逐渐增加至 ICNIRP 职业参考水平。与之前的研究相比，主要的新颖之处是在 11 个商用 CIED 上评估了在最坏情况暴露条件下暴露于 WPT 系统分散磁场的安全裕度。在总共进行的 51 次测试中，观察到 24 个干扰事件：只有 1 个发生在磁场强度为 50 的情况下。μT，而所有其他的观察到更高的场水平，在 75 和 100μT。因此，本研究结果表明干扰的风险非常低。仅在最坏情况条件下（例如，设备的最大灵敏度、最大引线回路面积、脉冲调制和 PM 的单极配置）以及高于 ICNIRP 一般人群参考水平的暴露水平下，才能观察到电磁干扰现象。