This review delves into the rapidly evolving landscape of liquid biopsy technologies based on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and cell-free RNA (cfRNA) and their increasingly prominent role in precision medicine. With the advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing, the use of cfDNA and cfRNA has revolutionized noninvasive clinical testing. Here, we explore the physical characteristics of cfDNA and cfRNA, present an overview of the essential engineering tools used by the field, and highlight clinical applications, including noninvasive prenatal testing, cancer testing, organ transplantation surveillance, and infectious disease testing. Finally, we discuss emerging technologies and the broadening scope of liquid biopsies to new areas of diagnostic medicine.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 26 is May 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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基于游离 DNA 和 RNA 的液体活检

这篇综述深入探讨了基于无细胞 DNA (cfDNA) 和无细胞 RNA (cfRNA) 的液体活检技术的快速发展及其在精准医疗中日益突出的作用。随着高通量 DNA 测序的出现，cfDNA 和 cfRNA 的使用彻底改变了无创临床检测。在这里，我们探讨了 cfDNA 和 cfRNA 的物理特征，概述了该领域使用的基本工程工具，并重点介绍了临床应用，包括无创产前检测、癌症检测、器官移植监测和传染病检测。最后，我们讨论了新兴技术以及将液体活检的范围扩大到诊断医学新领域。《生物医学工程年度评论》第 26 卷的预计最终在线发布日期为 2024 年 5 月。请参阅 http://www.annualreviews.org /page/journal/pubdates 以获取修订后的估计。