In anatomical research and education, three-dimensional visualization of anatomical structures is crucial for understanding spatial relationships in diagnostics, surgical planning, and teaching. While computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer valuable insights, they are often expensive and require specialized resources. This study explores photogrammetry as an affordable and accessible approach for 3D modeling in anatomical contexts. Two photogrammetry methods were compared: conventional open-source software (Colmap) and Apple's RealityKit Object Capture. Human C3 vertebrae were imaged with a 24 MP camera, with and without a cross-polarization filter. Reconstruction times, vertex distances, surface area, and volume measurements were compared to CT scans. Results revealed that the Object Capture method surpassed the conventional approach in reconstruction speed and user-friendliness. Both methods exhibited similar vertex distance from reference mesh and volume measurements, although the conventional approach produced larger surface areas compared to CT-based models. Cross-polarization filters eliminated the need for pre-processing and improved outcomes in challenging lighting conditions. This study demonstrates that photogrammetry, especially Object Capture, as a reliable and time-efficient tool for 3D modeling in anatomical research and education. It offers accessible alternatives to traditional techniques with advantages in texture mapping. While further validation of various anatomical structures is required, the accessibility and cost-effectiveness of photogrammetry make it a valuable asset for the field. In summary, photogrammetry would have the potential to revolutionize anatomical research and education by providing cost-effective, accessible, and accurate 3D modeling. The study underscores the promise of advancing anatomical research and education through the integration of photogrammetry with ongoing improvements in user-friendliness and accessibility.

中文翻译：

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探索解剖学研究和教育中 3D 建模的可靠摄影测量技术

在解剖研究和教育中，解剖结构的三维可视化对于理解诊断、手术计划和教学中的空间关系至关重要。虽然计算机断层扫描 (CT) 和磁共振成像 (MRI) 可以提供有价值的见解，但它们通常价格昂贵且需要专门的资源。本研究探索摄影测量作为解剖学背景下 3D 建模的一种经济实惠且易于使用的方法。比较了两种摄影测量方法：传统的开源软件 (Colmap) 和 Apple 的 RealityKit Object Capture。使用 24 MP 相机对人类 C3 椎骨进行成像，带或不带交叉偏振滤光片。将重建时间、顶点距离、表面积和体积测量值与 CT 扫描进行比较。结果表明，对象捕获方法在重建速度和用户友好性方面优于传统方法。尽管与基于 CT 的模型相比，传统方法产生了更大的表面积，但这两种方法都表现出与参考网格和体积测量的相似顶点距离。交叉偏振滤光片消除了预处理的需要，并在具有挑战性的照明条件下改善了结果。这项研究表明摄影测量，尤其是对象捕获，是解剖研究和教育中 3D 建模的可靠且省时的工具。它提供了传统技术的替代方案，在纹理映射方面具有优势。虽然需要进一步验证各种解剖结构，但摄影测量的可访问性和成本效益使其成为该领域的宝贵资产。总之，摄影测量通过提供经济高效、易于访问且准确的 3D 建模，有可能彻底改变解剖学研究和教育。该研究强调了通过将摄影测量与不断改进的用户友好性和可访问性相结合来推进解剖学研究和教育的前景。