A balanced gene complement is crucial for proper cell function. Aneuploidy, the condition of having an imbalanced chromosome set, alters the stoichiometry of gene copy numbers and protein complexes and has dramatic consequences at the cellular and organismal levels. In humans, aneuploidy is associated with different pathological conditions including cancer, microcephaly, mental retardation, miscarriages, and aging. Over the last century, Drosophila has provided a valuable system for studying the consequences of systemic aneuploidies. More recently, it has contributed to the identification and molecular dissection of aneuploidy-induced cellular behaviors and their impact at the tissue and organismal levels. In this perspective, we review this active field of research, first by comparing knowledge from yeast, mouse, and human cells, then by highlighting the contributions of Drosophila. The aim of these discussions was to further our understanding of the functional interplay between aneuploidy, cell physiology, and tissue homeostasis in human development and disease.

平衡的基因互补对于正常的细胞功能至关重要。非整倍性是染色体组不平衡的一种情况，它改变了基因拷贝数和蛋白质复合物的化学计量，并在细胞和有机体水平上产生巨大的后果。在人类中，非整倍性与不同的病理状况有关，包括癌症、小头畸形、智力低下、流产和衰老。在上个世纪，果蝇为研究系统性非整倍体的后果提供了一个有价值的系统。最近，它有助于非整倍体诱导的细胞行为及其对组织和有机体水平的影响的识别和分子解剖。从这个角度来看，我们回顾了这个活跃的研究领域，首先通过比较酵母、小鼠和人类细胞的知识，然后强调果蝇的贡献。这些讨论的目的是进一步了解人类发育和疾病中非整倍性、细胞生理学和组织稳态之间的功能相互作用。