Appetitive traits and parent feeding styles are associated with body mass index in children, yet their associations with child diet quality are unclear. The objective was to examine relations of appetitive traits and parental feeding style with diet quality in 3.5-year-old children. The study was a secondary, cross-sectional analysis of data from Sprouts, a follow-up study of the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS). Birthing parents completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Caregiver’s Feeding Styles Questionnaire, and proxy 24-hour dietary recalls for their children from February 2019 to December 2020. Participants were 162 birthing parents (early pregnancy BMI ≥18.5 kg/m and absence of pre-existing diabetes, any medical condition contraindicating study participation, self-reported eating disorder, and medications that could affect diet or weight) and their children living in North Carolina. Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) total scores were calculated. Path modeling was conducted using PROC CALIS with full information maximum likelihood (FIML) to account for missing data (< 2% of all data in dataset). Associations of child appetitive traits and parental feeding style with child HEI-2015 scores, adjusting for exclusive breastfeeding duration and household income-poverty ratio, were examined. Tests of simple effects were conducted in subsamples split by parental feeding style. Hypotheses were formulated during data collection. A 1-SD greater food fussiness was associated with a 2.4-point lower HEI-2015 total score [ = .02, 95% CI (-4.32, -0.48)] in children. When parental feeding style was authoritarian, a 1-SD greater food responsiveness was associated a 4.1-point higher HEI-2015 total score [ = .007, 95% CI (1.12, 7.01)] in children. When parental feeding style was authoritative, a 1-SD greater slowness in eating was associated with a 5.8-point lower HEI-2015 total score [ = .01, 95% CI (-10.26, -1.33)] in children. Parental feeding style may modify the association of appetitive traits with diet quality in young children. Future research could determine whether matching parent feeding styles to child appetitive trait profiles improves child diet quality.

中文翻译：

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幼儿期食欲特征和父母喂养方式与饮食质量的关联

食欲特征和父母喂养方式与儿童的体重指数相关，但它们与儿童饮食质量的关系尚不清楚。目的是检查 3.5 岁儿童的食欲特征和父母喂养方式与饮食质量的关系。该研究是对 Sprouts 数据的二次横断面分析，这是妊娠饮食属性研究 (PEAS) 的后续研究。出生父母完成了儿童饮食行为调查问卷、看护者喂养方式调查问卷以及 2019 年 2 月至 2020 年 12 月期间子女的 24 小时膳食回忆。参与者为 162 名出生父母（孕早期 BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m 且没有孕前饮食）。现有的糖尿病、任何不利于参与研究的医疗状况、自我报告的饮食失调以及可能影响饮食或体重的药物）及其居住在北卡罗来纳州的孩子。计算 2015 年健康饮食指数 (HEI-2015) 总分。使用具有全信息最大似然 (FIML) 的 PROC CALIS 进行路径建模，以解释缺失数据（< 数据集中所有数据的 2%）。研究人员检查了儿童食欲特征和父母喂养方式与儿童 HEI-2015 分数之间的关联，并根据纯母乳喂养持续时间和家庭收入贫困比进行了调整。在按父母喂养方式划分的子样本中进行简单效应测试。在数据收集过程中提出了假设。儿童食物挑剔程度提高 1-SD 与 HEI-2015 总分降低 2.4 分相关 [ = .02, 95% CI (-4.32, -0.48)]。当父母的喂养方式为专制时，儿童的食物反应性提高 1-SD 与 HEI-2015 总分提高 4.1 分 [ = .007, 95% CI (1.12, 7.01)] 相关。当父母的喂养方式具有权威性时，儿童进食速度越慢 1-SD 与 HEI-2015 总分降低 5.8 分相关 [ = .01, 95% CI (-10.26, -1.33)]。父母的喂养方式可能会改变幼儿食欲特征与饮食质量的关联。未来的研究可以确定将父母的喂养方式与孩子的食欲特征相匹配是否可以提高孩子的饮食质量。