Different stress models are employed to enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and explore potential interventions. However, the utility of these models remains a critical concern, as their validities may be limited by the complexity of stress processes. Literature review revealed that both mental and physical stress models possess reasonable construct and criterion validities, respectively reflected in psychometrically assessed stress ratings and in activation of the sympathoadrenal system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The findings are less robust, though, in the pharmacological perturbations’ domain, including such agents as adenosine or dobutamine. Likewise, stress models’ convergent- and discriminant validity vary depending on the stressors’ nature. Stress models share similarities, but also have important differences regarding their validities. Specific traits defined by the nature of the stressor stimulus should be taken into consideration when selecting stress models. Doing so can personalize prevention and treatment of stress-related antecedents, its acute processing, and chronic sequelae. Further work is warranted to refine stress models’ validity and customize them so they commensurate diverse populations and circumstances.

中文翻译：

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精神和身体压力模型的有效性

采用不同的压力模型来增强我们对潜在机制的理解并探索潜在的干预措施。然而，这些模型的实用性仍然是一个关键问题，因为它们的有效性可能受到应力过程的复杂性的限制。文献综述表明，精神和身体压力模型都具有合理的结构和标准有效性，分别反映在心理测量评估的压力等级以及交感肾上腺系统和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的激活中。然而，在药理学扰动领域，包括腺苷或多巴酚丁胺等药物，这些发现不太稳健。同样，压力模型的收敛有效性和判别有效性根据压力源的性质而变化。压力模型有相似之处，但在有效性方面也有重要差异。选择压力模型时，应考虑由压力源刺激的性质定义的具体特征。这样做可以个性化地预防和治疗与压力相关的前因、其急性处理和慢性后遗症。需要进一步的工作来完善压力模型的有效性并对其进行定制，以便它们适应不同的人群和环境。