Technological changes such as the use of Augmented Reality (AR) along with the advent of new organizational changes such as digitalization are on the one hand positively changing the way of working but on the other hand they are introducing new risks, potentially leading to not only normal but also post-normal accidents. In our previous work, we have incrementally proposed a novel framework, called FRAAR, for risk assessment of AR-equipped socio-technical systems (i.e., systems integrating human, organizational and technical entities (such as AR)). We have also partly evaluated our framework via an industrial automotive study and by providing comparison and positioning with respect to other related works in a systematic literature review. In this paper, we conduct a new study to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of our framework in a different domain. To do that, we choose a digitalized socio-technical factory system, focusing on the human–robot collaboration for a realistic diesel engine assembly task using AR-based user interface in an organization affected by organizational changes. Then, we design and execute our study to apply our framework and we discuss about the extent the conceptualizations provided by the framework are effective to capture the essential information for risk assessment in socio-technical robotic manufacturing, the extent the robotic safety standards are supported (to demonstrate the applicability of the framework in the robotic domain) and the extent of effectiveness of the risk assessment with respect to AR and organizational changes. Finally, we discuss about validity of our work and we provide our findings and intended future work.

中文翻译：

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评估社会技术机器人制造中的 AR 风险和组织变革因素

增强现实 (AR) 等技术变革以及数字化等新组织变革的出现，一方面积极改变工作方式，但另一方面也带来了新的风险，不仅可能导致正常的事故，也包括正常后的事故。在我们之前的工作中，我们逐步提出了一个名为 FRAAR 的新颖框架，用于对配备 AR 的社会技术系统（即集成人类、组织和技术实体（例如 AR）的系统）进行风险评估。我们还通过工业汽车研究以及系统文献综述中与其他相关作品的比较和定位来部分评估我们的框架。在本文中，我们进行了一项新的研究来评估我们的框架在不同领域的适用性和有效性。为此，我们选择了数字化社会技术工厂系统，重点关注在受组织变革影响的组织中使用基于 AR 的用户界面进行现实柴油发动机组装任务的人机协作。然后，我们设计和执行我们的研究以应用我们的框架，并讨论该框架提供的概念化在多大程度上有效捕获社会技术机器人制造中风险评估的基本信息，以及机器人安全标准得到支持的程度（证明该框架在机器人领域的适用性）以及关于 AR 和组织变革的风险评估的有效性程度。最后，我们讨论我们工作的有效性，并提供我们的发现和预期的未来工作。