Understanding the factors that contribute to exercise response variation is the first step in achieving the goal of developing personalized exercise prescriptions. This review discusses the key molecular and other mechanistic factors, both extrinsic and intrinsic, that influence exercise responses and health outcomes. Extrinsic characteristics include the timing and dose of exercise, circadian rhythms, sleep habits, dietary interactions, and medication use, whereas intrinsic factors such as sex, age, hormonal status, race/ethnicity, and genetics are also integral. The molecular transducers of exercise (i.e., genomic/epigenomic, proteomic/post-translational, transcriptomic, metabolic/metabolomic, and lipidomic elements) are considered with respect to variability in physiological and health outcomes. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges that impede our ability to develop effective personalized exercise prescriptions. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) aims to fill significant gaps in the understanding of exercise response variability, yet further investigations are needed to address additional health outcomes across all populations.

了解导致运动反应变化的因素是实现制定个性化运动处方目标的第一步。本综述讨论了影响运动反应和健康结果的关键分子和其他机制因素，包括外在和内在因素。外在特征包括运动时间和剂量、昼夜节律、睡眠习惯、饮食相互作用和药物使用，而性别、年龄、荷尔蒙状态、种族/民族和遗传等内在因素也是不可或缺的。运动的分子传感器（即基因组/表观基因组、蛋白质组/翻译后、转录组、代谢/代谢组和脂质组元素）被考虑为生理和健康结果的可变性。最后，这篇综述强调了当前阻碍我们开发有效的个性化运动处方的挑战。身体活动分子传感器联盟 (MoTrPAC) 旨在填补对运动反应变异性的理解方面的重大空白，但还需要进一步的研究来解决所有人群的额外健康结果。